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Chapter Six
Learning
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Change your life! Help you change the world!
THIS CHAPTER CAN . . .
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
involuntary
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning vs. Conditioning
Learning
Conditioning
Relatively permanent change
in behavior or mental
processes due to experience
Process of learning
associations between stimuli
and behavioral responses
But—what is LEARNED
can be UNLEARNED!!
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Terms:
Classical Conditioning
Classical
Conditioning
Learning through
involuntary paired
associations; it occurs
when a previously
neutral stimulus (NS)
is paired with an
unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) to elicit
a conditioned
response (CR)
Unconditioned
Stimulus (USC)
Stimulus that elicits
an unconditioned
response (UCR)
without previous
conditioning
Unconditioned
Response (UCR)
Unlearned reaction to
an unconditioned
stimulus without
previous conditioning
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Terms:
Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
(NS)
Stimulus that, before
conditioning, does not
naturally bring about
the response of
interest
Conditioned
Conditioned
Stimulus (CS)
Response (CR)
Previously neutral Learned reaction to a
stimulus that,
conditioned stimulus
through repeated
that occurs because
Say WHAT???
pairings
with an
of repeated pairings
unconditioned
Let’s walk through it!with a unconditioned
stimulus (UCS), now stimulus
elicits a conditioned
response
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Using Key Terms in
Classical Conditioning
Identify the NS, the UCS, the UCR, the
CS, and the CR.
A researcher sounds a tone, then places
a piece of meat into a dog’s mouth,
causing it to salivate. Eventually, the
sound of the tone alone causes the dog
to salivate.
You have a cat that always comes running
when she hears the electric can opener.
While listening to a song on his car
radio, a man accidentally bumped
into a red car in front of him.
Thereafter, whenever he saw red
cars, he experienced a severe anxiety
attack.
A pregnant woman, experiencing
morning sickness, vomited while
eating at Burger King. Thereafter, she
felt sick every time she drove by a
Burger King.
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Watson’s Contribution
Likes
Dislikes
Prejudices
Phobias
Love
Conditioned Emotional Response
Classically conditioned emotional
response to a previous neutral stimulus
(NS)
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Six Principles of Classical
Conditioning
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Principle #1: Acquisition
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Principles #2 and #3
Stimulus Generalization
Stimuli similar to the
original conditioned
stimulus (CS) elicit a
conditioned response
(CR)
Stimulus Discrimination
Only the conditioned
stimulus (CS) elicits the
conditioned response
(CR)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principles #4 and #5
Extinction
Gradual disappearance of a
conditioned response (CR);
occurs when unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) is withheld
whenever the conditioned
stimulus (CS) is presented
Spontaneous Recovery
Sudden, temporary
reappearance of a previously
extinguished conditioned
response (CR)
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Principle #6:
Higher-Order Conditioning
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voluntary
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Key Terms:
Operant Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Learning through
voluntary behavior
and its subsequent
consequences;
reinforcement
increases behavioral
tendencies, whereas
punishment
decreases them
Reinforcement
Punishment
Strengthens a
Weakens a response
response and makes and makes it less
it more likely to
likely to recur
recur
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Comparing Classical and Operant
Conditioning
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Important Figures in
Operant Conditioning
Thorndike
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s rule is that the
probability of an action being
repeated is strengthened
when it is followed by a
pleasant or satisfying
consequence.
Skinner
emphasized that
reinforcement (which
increases the likelihood of a
response) and punishment
(which decreases it) are always
defined after the fact.
It’s about the
CONSEQUENCES!
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Consequences are Key!
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
So, how might you STOP
your child from screaming
in the grocery store?
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Is the Target Behavior Being Reinforced or
Punished? Is it Positive or Negative?
Scenario #1
Child screams for candy in
store.
Dad buys candy.
Child screams for candy
next visit.
Scenario #2
Child screams for candy in
store.
Dad buys candy.
Child screams for candy
next visit.
The TARGET BEHAVIOR:
Child Screaming
The TARGET BEHAVIOR:
Dad Buying Candy
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Differentiating
Classical/Operant Conditioning
For each of the following examples, decide whether the
situation is an example of classical or operant
conditioning.
I. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of
classical conditioning, you should label the UCS, UCR,
CS, and CR.
II. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of
operant conditioning, you should identify whether it is
positive or negative reinforcement, or positive or
negative punishment
SITUATION 1
A very bright (mildly painful) light is turned on a rat. The
rat has learned that he can turn off the light by pressing
a lever on the other side of his cage. As soon as the light
comes on, the rat runs across the room and presses the
lever.
SITUATION 2
When a mother strokes her infant's skin, the stroking
creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes
on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure
responses simply at the sight of the mother (before even
being touched).
SITUATION 3
A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at
mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those
sitting near her and tries to cram the food into her
mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very
undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time
the patient steals food from other plates, she is
immediately taken to a room without food.
SITUATION 4
Johnny has developed a habit of yelling "Bye, Mom"
and then slamming the door very loudly in his hurry to
leave for school in the morning. The door slam causes
his mother to flinch. After several days of the
procedure, Johnny's mother begins to flinch at the
sound of her son's words, "Bye, Mom."
SITUATION 5
Mr. and Mrs. Jones are having a heated argument that
both are finding very unpleasant. Mrs. Jones gets up
and leaves the room, closing the door behind her. This
has the effect of terminating the argument. From then
on, every time Mr. Jones raises his voice, Mrs. Jones
leaves the room. Mr. Jones stops raising his voice.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
Every correct response is
reinforced
Partial Reinforcement
Some, but not all, responses
are reinforced
Example: coke machine
Example: slot machine
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Uses of Partial Reinforcement
Shaping
Reinforcements delivered
for successive
approximations of the
desired response
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DECREASES the likelihood of a response
MORE ABOUT PUNISHMENT . . .
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Side Effects of Punishment
Passive aggressiveness
Avoidance
Inappropriate modeling
Temporary suppression versus elimination
Learned helplessness
Increased aggression
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology at Work:
using reinforcement and punishment
Provide clear directions and feedback
Use appropriate timing
Be consistent
Follow correct order of presentation
Combine key learning principles
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© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emphasizes the roles of thinking and social
learning in behavior
COGNITIVE-SOCIAL LEARNING
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Cognitive Learning
Insight Learning—aha!!
Sudden understanding of a problem
that implies the solution
Latent Learning
Hidden learning that exists without
behavioral signs
Cognitive Maps
Mental Image of a threedimensional space that an
organism has navigated
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
Learning new behaviors or information by watching and
imitating others (also know as social learning or modeling)
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Four Key Factors in
Observational Learning
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BIOLOGY OF LEARNING
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Neuroscience and Learning
Learning creates new
synaptic connections in
the cortex and wide
network of brain
structures!
Living in enriched
environments . . .
Thicker cortex
Increased nerve growth factor
More developed synapses
More dendritic branching
Improved test performance
. . . In rats
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Evolution and Learning
Biological Preparedness
Innate readiness to form
associations between certain
stimuli and responses
Example
Taste Aversion
Classically conditioned
negative reaction to a
particular taste that has been
associated with nausea or
other illness
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Evolution and Learning
Biological Constraints
Conditioned responses shift
(drift) back toward innate
responses
Example
Instinctive Drift
Conditioned responses shift
(drift) back toward innate
responses
Can a chicken
learn to play
baseball??
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Psychology in Everyday Life
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Prejudice and Classical Conditioning
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Psychology in
Everyday Life
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Psychology in
Everyday Life
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Psychology in Everyday Life:
Operant Conditioning How is being
 Gain attention and approval
from others
 Increase one’s self-esteem
at the expense of the victim
 People generalize from one
negative experience with a
specific group member to
ALL members of the group
 Racist behavior is reinforced
on an intermittent schedule
and is highly resistant to
extinction
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
prejudiced
reinforcing?
Psychology in Everyday Life:
Operant Conditioning
In biofeedback training:
1) internal bodily processes (like
blood pressure or muscle tension)
are electrically recorded
2) information is amplified and
reported back to the patient through
headphones, signal lights, and other
means
3) this information helps the person
learn to control bodily processes not
normally under voluntary control
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Can we learn
to control
involuntary
body
responses?
Accidental Reinforcement and
Superstitions
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multimedia
Web Video
Ted Talks: Joshua Klein: The Intelligence of Crows
(10:04)
Hacker and writer Joshua Klein is fascinated by crows. (Notice
the gleam of intelligence in their little black eyes?) After a
long amateur study of corvid behavior, he's come up with an
elegant machine that, using shaping, may form a new bond
between animal and human. Many concepts in operant
conditioning are evidenced in this superb presentation!
National Geographic Videos: Chimp Outsmarts Tube
(0:55)
Researchers at Max Planck Institute capture an example of
insight learning in a chimpanzee.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multimedia
Web Video
We know that YouTube videos are less stable  So we have not embedded them in the PPT slide
show, but offer the links for your testing pleasure at the end, on this page.
The Big Bang Theory: Sheldon Trains Penny (2:45)
In this clip from the Big Bang Theory in Season 3, Episode 3
(The Gothowitz Deviation) shows Sheldon training Penny
using operant conditioning. Short, informative and FUNNY!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
The Office: Jim Trains Dwight (1:00)
In this very short clip, Jim trains Dwight to reach for an Altoid
when the Windows ding on his computer sounds. Is it classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, or a combination of both?
Play this for your students and help then sort it out!
http://vimeo.com/5371237
Original Footage of Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
(1:36)
I Want My Sweeties!! (the best condom commercial
ever) (0:46)
This brief commercial provides ample opportunity to talk
about WHO is being positively or negatively reinforced! It also
gives you an opportunity to discuss persuasion and the use of
conditioned emotional response in advertising.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l5EYY_cyig
Original Footage of Watson Conditioning Little
Albert (6:21)
This short video, developed by a psychology student, provides
a wonderful tutorial about classical conditioning and
conditional emotional responses, informed by original footage
of Little Albert before, during and after conditioning.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI
Watch this clear demonsration of observational learning in
this original footage of Bandura’s experiment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.