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Uncle Tom’s Cabin Chapter 4 The Union in Peril North v.s. South North South Diversified Economy Plantation Economy Compromise of 1850 California=free state New Mexico and Utah decide by popular sovereignty (citizens vote for or against slavery) New, harsh Fugitive Slave Act Protest, Resistance, Violence Underground Railroad: system of routes along which slaves escaped to freedom. Harriet Tubman = most famous “Conductor” 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act: divided territory in two , repealed Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty for both territories Result: Bloodshed Conflicts Lead to Secession 1857:Dred Scott Decision confirms slavery 1858:Lincoln-Douglas Debates October 16, 1859: John Brown leads a raid on Harper’s Ferry with the hope of starting a slave rebellion 1860: Lincoln elected President December 20, 1860: South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon follow South Carolina. February 1861: secessionist states form Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis elected president The Civil War in a Nutshell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gfl6rHFUuQ Union Advantages More people More factories Greater food production More extensive railroad system Southern Advantages “King Cotton” Talented Generals Extremely motivated Soldiers Civil War people and terms Bull Run: first battle “There Stands Jackson like a stone wall!” First Southern Victory Ulysses S. Grant: eventually became Commander of Union Army Robert E. Lee: Commander of Confederate Army Antietam: more than 26,000 casualties in one day –bloodiest day in American history. Emancipation Proclamation- declared slaves of the Confederacy free A Glorious Affair? Officer’s Camp A Glorious Affair? Enlisted Soldier’s Camp Living Conditions of a Soldier Poor sanitation Limited diet Inadequate healthcare Prison camps worse than army camps: 15% of prisoners in the South died 12% of prisoners in the North died Thousands of women (North and South) volunteered as nurses Clara Barton= most famous Civil War nurse; founded American Red Cross after war. Civil War People and Terms July 1, 1863; Gettysburg: most decisive battle of the war Union victory, but at a cost 23,000 Union casualties 28,000 Confederate casualties Lee no longer seems invincible November 1863; Gettysburg Address Cemetery dedicated at Gettysburg “remade America” “The United States are” v.s. “The United States is” Total War 1864 Problem: war gone on too long, casualties too high; people losing faith in Lincoln March 1864: U.S. Grant made commander of all Union armies Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of the military division of the Mississippi. Both believed in Total War Goal: break the will of the people, win the war. Total War Spring, 1864: Sherman’s March to the sea Destruction on a gargantuan scale Sherman’s victories reinvigorate the North, Lincoln wins a second term Winning the War April 3, 1865: Union troops take Confederate Capital at Richmond April 9, 1865: Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox Court House, VA to arrange a Confederate surrender. Within a month, Confederate resistance collapses; war over at last. Aftermath Union Deaths: approximately 360,000 Confederate Deaths: approximately 260,000 Federal gov’t power increased Northern economy prospered Southern economy devastated No state threatened to secede again End of slavery Last Old-Fashioned War/First Modern War Technological advancements: Rifle Minié ball Hand grenades Land mines Ironclad ships Lives Changed April 14th, 1865: John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, Lincoln dies next day. End of 1865: 13th Amendment ratified Slavery officially abolished in America Reconstruction Reconstruction:1865-1877 the period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War Freedman’s Bureau: provided food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, education for former slaves and poor whites in the South. Lincoln’s Plan: Amnesty for all, malice for none. Andrew Johnson succeeds Lincoln Vetoes Freedman’s Bureau Act and Civil Rights Act Reconstruction 14th Amendment: Prevents states from denying rights and privileges to any U.S. citizen (all persons born/naturalized in the United States). 1868:Johnson Impeached by The House, remains in office after Senate votes not to convict 1868: Grant elected president 15th Amendment: No one can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Reconstruction Positive: African-Americans take an active role in politics Hiram Revels of Mississippi: first African-American senator Negative: economic necessity forced many former slaves and impoverished whites to become sharecroppers. Landowners divide land amongst farmers, keep a percentage of the crops Families cannot escape poverty Collapse of Reconstruction Rampant discrimination Loss of support for reconstruction 1872: Freedman’s Bureau allowed to expire Ku Klux Klan White supremacist group Terror, violence, murder Breakdown of unity in Republican party Reconstruction in Tennessee Tennessee Constitutional Convention of 1870: Explicitly states that Slavery is illegal in TN All free (male) citizens have the right to vote Reconstruction in Tennessee Election of African-Americans to General Assembly: 1872-1887: 14 African-American men serve on the General Assembly of Tennessee; several of these men were once slaves. Reconstruction in Tennessee Sampson W. Keeble: Born into slavery in Rutherford County, he was elected to represent Davidson County in the 38th General Assembly, 1873- 1874. He was the first African American to serve in the Tennessee legislature. Reconstruction in Tennessee Yellow Fever Epidemic 1878 Yellow fever: deadly disease causes liver damage which causes skin to yellow I870s: Illness spreads from Caribbean to New Orleans via trade ships, efforts to contain the illness fail, and disease spreads along Mississippi trade routes. Memphis loses over half of its population (either because they fled or they died) 1878: Most elected officials either dead or fled to the country Memphis almost destroyed, even lost its charter for a while –was known as the “Taxing District of Shelby County” Hayes-Tilden Compromise Southern Democrats regain power Adamantly opposed to Reconstruction Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876 Democrat Tilden wins popular vote but is one electoral vote short of victory Southern Democrats accept Republican Hayes if federal troops withdrawn from South and Reconstruction ended. Rise of Jim Crow Hayes’ deal with Southern Democrats gives them license to reverse any gains made by AfricanAmericans during Reconstruction. Jim Crow Laws: racial segregation laws between 18761965 Violence Escalates Lynching: the practice of killing people by mob action. Disenfranchisement Methods Disenfranchisement=taking away the right to vote Violence, fraud, intimidation “Literacy tests” –voters pass a test to vote Poll taxes –pay a tax to vote Grandfather clauses –one was exempt from these restrictions if one’s Grandfather had had the right to vote Pap Singleton Born a slave in 1809 Sought to create a society where African-Americans owned the land, directed industry, and held power Bought up land in Kansas,encouraged Blacks to move west to escape oppression People who answer his call= “Exodusters” About 50,000 people flee the South (most of from Tennessee) Illustrating Reconstruction Pick one of the following: Constitutional Convention of 1870 Election of African-Americans to General Assembly Hayes-Tilden Election Jim Crow Laws Yellow Fever Epidemic Write a definition for your term, then, on the other side of the paper, design a poster illustrating your term. If you are not confident in your art skills, you may use words to illustrate your term as well. Your poster must have a title.