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Brother Against Brother by Chris Collingwood Civil War and Reconstruction Emancipation Proclamation Waited for victory at Antietam to make Proclamation Goes into effect Jan 1, 1863 Lincoln did not have power to simply end slavery Freedom for slaves who had escaped to the North Contrary to Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Freed all slaves in states still in rebellion (the Confederacy) Used his power as Commander and Chief Encouraged southern slaves to escape Did not free slaves in neutral border states The struggle to save the Union now becomes a struggle to abolish slavery Lets try again… Lincoln replaces Ambrose Burnside with Joseph Hooker as Commander of the Army of the Potomac Jan 25 Lincoln puts U.S. Grant in charge of the entire army in the west Jan 29 Fighting Joe Hooker Chancellorsville May 1-4 133,000 Union vs. 60,000 Confederates Union soldiers cross Rappahannock River west of Fredericksburg Lee divides his already small force in two Risky but effective Called Lee’s “perfect battle” Rebels outflank Union army and force retreat on May 4 Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded by his own men Goes ahead at night to scout, not recognized by his men in dark “I have lost my right arm” – Robert E. Lee about Jackson’s death on May 10 Confederate Dead at Chancellorsville One more time… Lincoln makes George Meade Commander of the Union Army of the Potomac June 28th 6th commander since war’s start Gettysburg – Day 1 Lee tried another offensive into Union territory Marched north through Maryland into Pennsylvania A Confederate raiding party went to Gettysburg, PA for supplies On July 1, factions of both armies met north of the city Surprised to find Union soldiers in the city Both sides pour more men in, skirmish becomes battle Union cavalry keeps Rebels at bay, but fall back to the heights, south of town, by the days end Gettysburg – Day 2 By July 2, both armies meet in force south of town 93,000 Union vs. 72,000 Rebels Union soldiers dug in on high ground Lee orders attacks on the flanks, attempting to surround and capture the Union army Focuses on left flank on Union lines – Little Round Top Hill Joshua Chamberlain leads a bayonet charge to defend hill Gettysburg – Day 3 Lee tested the flanks of the Union Army on day 2 and found them to be heavily reinforced Determines that the Yankees must be stretched thin and orders attack in the middle of their lines Pickett’s Charge 13,000 rebels led by George Pickett Across open field under heavy fire Reached across for a mile Disastrous Confederate defeat Over 50% casualty rate Union forces never come off their positions Cemetery Ridge Allow Rebels to retreat back to camp Meade never follows up the next day, Lee retreats on June 5th Gettysburg – Pickett’s Charge Clubs are Trumps! By Dale Gallon Gettysburg “Antietam II” Massive Casualties Confederate invasion repelled Union victory not followed up Turning point in the war Union Victory ends Lee’s invasion of the North Battle with the largest casualties 46,000 total casualties 7,863 total dead Meanwhile, in the west... Vicksburg US Grant arrives with 77,000 Union soldiers to claim the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, Vicksburg, MS Held by 33,000 Rebels Grant lays siege to town After a six week siege, Confederate soldiers were starving Began eating horses, dogs, rats, mules, leather Confederates surrender on July 4 Union controls entire Mississippi River and West Siege of Vicksburg Gettysburg Address Lincoln invited to speak at ceremony dedicating a cemetery to the dead at Gettysburg Nov. 19th 4 months after battle Probably the most famous speech in American history Followed 2 hour speech by Edward Everett 269 words, 2 minutes long Brought the entire Civil War into perspective Principles of freedom, equality, democracy 1864 – Grant Takes Over Lincoln appoints US Grant to command all of the armies of the United States on March 9th William T. Sherman made commander in the west Grant’s drive to Richmond – The Wilderness Campaign Grant begins to march from Washington DC to Richmond in hopes of finishing the war and taking the Confederate Capital Grant is repulsed by Lee along his march but continues south Grant’s worst defeat in this campaign is Cold Harbor Cold Harbor On June 1st, Union troops begin attacking fortified Confederate lines at Cold Harbor, VA Little success over next two days On June 3rd, Grant gives Meade orders to exploit a perceived weakness in Confederate lines Meade orders a direct frontal assault at 4:30 am Heavy fog and wetlands make the charge slow Well fortified Confederates open fire with deadly effects Poor communication results in a continued assault 7,000 Union casualties in twenty minutes Siege of Petersburg Grant bounces south to take Petersburg and approach Richmond from South Lee meets Grants army in Petersburg After Cold Harbor, Grant changes strategy Instead of attacking Lee head on, he decides to lay siege to Petersburg Petersburg was the supply center for Richmond Junction of 5 railroads Makes elaborate 30 mile trench system on south eastern side of city Holds Lee in Petersburg for 9 months Battle of the Crater – July 30 Sherman comes East Meanwhile, William Tecumseh Sherman brought his western army east Confederates in the West had been defeated Begins march from TN in May Takes Atlanta in September Confederates burn city before evacuating Sherman and his generals outside Atlanta Sherman’s March to the Sea As Hood and his Confederates retreat up to TN, Sherman divides his forces George Thomas pursues Rebels, finally breaking them in Dec. at Nashville, TN Sherman took remaining men on a march to Savannah, GA to destroy Confederate railroads and industry Sherman orders his troops to burn crops, kill livestock, consume supplies, and destroy civilian infrastructure along their path. Sherman meets little resistance along the way Takes Savannah on Dec. 22 Hastens the end of the war Would take the South over a decade to fully recover from the devastation Sherman’s March Lincoln is re-elected Abraham Lincoln is re-elected president on November 8 Andrew Johnson – VP Defeats Democrat George B. McClellan 212 of 233 electoral votes. 55% of the popular vote 1865 – Free at Last Jan 31st – 13th amendment passed by congress “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Completely outlaws slavery in US Ratified on Dec. 18th 1865 Grants Final Assault on Petersburg Grant's forces begin their advance and break through Lee's lines at Petersburg on April 2nd Confederate Gen. A.P. Hill is killed Lee evacuates Petersburg Richmond is evacuated Fires and looting break out On April 3rd, Union troops raise the Stars and Stripes over Richmond Surrender of Lee at Appomattox Courthouse On April 9th, Lee accepts defeat and surrenders his Confederate Army to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia Grant allows Rebel officers to keep their side arms and permits soldiers to keep horses and mules "After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources," Lee tells his troops. All other Confederate divisions would surrender by May, officially ending the Civil War The Surrender Final Statistics 2,200,000 soldiers 635,000 casualties 360,000 dead Dates: 1,064,000 soldiers 400,000 casualties 258,000 dead April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 Location: Principally in the Southern United States Results: Union victory; Reconstruction; slavery abolished Cause: Confederate attack on Fort Sumter Assassination of Lincoln On April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln and his wife Mary see the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater in Washington DC At 10:13 p.m., during the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the head Doctors attend to the president in the theater then move him to a house across the street Lincoln dies at 7:22 in the morning on April 15th Vice President Andrew Johnson assumes the presidency Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Johnson’s reconstruction policies were viewed as very lenient towards the south Allowed for former Confederate officials to hold office Pardoned over 7,000 Simply required oath of allegiance to US Each state declare that secession was illegal Jeff Davis only 2 years of jail Johnson opposed additional laws and federal agencies to help blacks Freedman’s Bureau Civil Rights act of 1866 Opposed 14th amendment Johnson’s Impeachment By 1866 most of Congress were Radical Republicans and despised Johnson’s policies Congress made a law that no presidential appointee could be removed from office without Congress’s approval Passed to keep Johnson’s men out of office Declared unconstitutional in 1926 Johnson replaced his Secretary of War anyway Impeached by Congress Johnson’s vetoes Reconstruction plan First president to be impeached Avoided conviction by 1 vote Would lose Presidential election of 1868 to US Grant Reconstruction Amendments 13th – abolishes slavery in US 14th – guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law banned former Confederate officials from holding government offices state laws subject to federal courts required ratification for state readmission 15th – protected voting rights for blacks (men) Reconstruction The process of reuniting and rebuilding the nation would last from 1865-1877 Riots KKK formed States established poll taxes, literacy tests Segregation – Jim Crow Laws US Grant kept Federal Troops in the South Separate but equal Legal Segregation would not end for another 100 years!! Laws and Amendments cannot change the hearts and minds of individuals!!