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SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction. f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction. EQ: What were the successes and failures of Southern Reconstruction? KQ1: What were the main differences b/w Presidential and Radical Reconstruction? KQ2: What are the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments? KQ3: What was the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau? KQ4: Why was Andrew Johnson impeached? KQ5: What was the basic exchange in the Compromise of 1877? Historical Context A. The post-war reconstruction of the South was a virtual disaster (1865-1877) B. Political struggle b/w the President and the Congress -Leniency or Punishment C. Major Questions: -What qualifications would determine the readmission of Southern States to the Union? -What was the political and economic standing of former slaves (freedmen)? D. Reconstruction ended in 1877 -Southern States controlled by White Democrats -Disfranchisement of African-Americans -Status Quo Antebellum Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment (1865)- No slavery or involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime -abolished slavery 14th Amendment (1868) - Citizenship for all born and naturalized in the United - Equal protection under the Constitution 15th Amendment (1870)- Right to vote shall not be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude Presidential Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction Andrew Johnson Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction A. Leniency and Reconciliation -bring the southern states back into the Union as quick and as easy as possible B. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863) -amnesty (pardon) w/ few exceptions -10% Oath of Allegience = readmission C. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)- angry response of Radical Republicans in Congress -Congress should control Reconstruction -51% Oath of Allegience = readmission D. Lincoln’s Pocket Veto -killed the Wade-Davis Bill -set the stage for conflict President Andrew Johnson A. Represented the State of Tennessee -advocate of poor whites -Pro-Union Democrat B. Slave-owner and supporter of the constitutionality of slavery -until it threatened the Union C. Only Senator to remain loyal to the Union following secession -blamed the planter-aristocracy for instigating secession D. Selected as Lincoln’s running mate for the Election of 1864 -National Union Party Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction A. Assumed control of Reconstruction w/o the consent of Congress B. Four Conditions for Readmission: 1. Nullify Secession 2. Oath of Allegiance to the Union 3. Cancel War Debts 4. Ratify the 13th Amendment -abolish slavery C. Favored a South governed by white men over his personal dislike for the former planter aristocracy -State Governments and Congressional seats filled by former Confederate leaders D. Angered the Radical Republicans in Congress -Johnson became the target of their wrath Field Order No. 15 A. Issued by General Sherman (Jan. 1865) -confiscation and redistribution of 400k acres of plantation land along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina to refugees, slaves, and loyal whites -40 acres and a mule B. Two main goals: 1. To provide for freed slaves that the army could not support -the war still had to be won 2. To punish planter aristocracy for starting the war (South Carolina) C. Led to the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau to oversee implementation of the order D. President Johnson overturned the order and vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act months after assuming office Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Acts A. Government Agency created and funded by the Republican Congress to counter the effects of Presidential Reconstruction -provide food, clothing, shelter, and medical care -negotiate labor contracts and settle grievances B. Black Codes- passed by Southern legislatures to restore the status quo antebellum -to restrict the movement and rights of former slaves C. Civil Rights Act 1866- first legislation enacted to fight discriminatory laws D. President Johnson vetoed (forbid) both Acts -marked the beginning of the end for Presidential Reconstruction Morehouse College A. The key to unlock political participation and representation for African-Americans was education -most could not read or write B. Augusta Institute- established in 1867 and based in the Springfield Baptist Church -mission to train freedmen in theology and education C. Moved to Atlanta and eventually combined w/ other institutions to form the Atlanta University Center -Atlanta University (1865) -Clarke College C. Center of the Civil Rights Movement -pursuit of education -racial equality through active political participation Radical Republican Reconstruction A. Southern States should be treated as conquered territories to be punished and reorganized to the satisfaction of the Radical Republicans B. Use 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress to override Johnson’s veto power C. 14th Amendment- passed and ratified as a condition for the readmission of southern states D. Military Reconstruction Acts 1867 -abolished existing southern governments - created 5 military districts Thaddeus Stevens (Pa) President Johnson’s Impeachment A. Johnson used the remainder of his presidential powers to fight Radical Reconstruction -Power of Appointment B. Tenure of Office Act (1867) -prohibited the president from removing Lincoln’s cabinet members and appointees C. Johnson denied the constitutionality of the act -deliberately violated the law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton D. Radicals in the House of Representatives drafted articles of impeachment -tried and acquitted by the Senate (35-19) one vote short of guilty Ku Klux Klan A. Organized by former Confederate officers in Tennessee -Nathan Bedford Forrest B. To restore the status quo antebellum (way things were before the war) C. Used violence, intimidation, and terror to deprive African-Americans of civil rights -targeted white sympathizers D. Driven underground during President’s Grant’s first term -Romanticized after Reconstruction -re-emerged in Georgia in 1915 (Stone Mountain) Resistance to Equality A. Methods to keep African-Americans from exercising political rights B. Violence and Intimidation -Ku Klux Klan C. Poll Tax & Debt peonage D. White Primary- prohibited AfricanAmericans from voting during primary elections E. Literacy Test-must be able to read and understand the constitution F. Grandfather Clause- exempted ancestors of former Confederates from the Literacy Test End of Reconstruction A. Grant Administrations were plagued by scandal and corruption B. Panic of 1873- economic depression -widespread unemployment in Northern cities C. No significant progress in the continued military occupation of the South D. Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction -democrats won control of the House of Representatives (1874) Election of 1876 D D D Tilden D= Disputed Electoral Votes & Military Occupation Hayes Compromise of 1877 A. Election of 1876 -Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) -Samuel Tilden (Democrat) B. Tilden won the popular vote (250k) -disputed states in the electoral college vote -South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana (20) C. Terms of the Compromise 1. Removal of Federal Troops from the South 2. Democratic appointment to the presidential cabinet 3. Transcontinental Railroad along a southern route 4. Economic legislation to aid the industrialization of the South D. Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes -Official End of Reconstruction