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Reconstruction Review 1. Reconstruction – 1865 – 1877, the process by which the southern states were reorganized as a part of the union after the Civil War; the Constitution provided no guidance on secession or readmission of states 2. Abraham Lincoln – first major goal for Reconstruction was to reunify the nation 3. Lincoln’s Plan – Lenient on the South; It stated the southern states had never really left the Union 4. Ten Percent Plan - required that ten percent of a state’s voters take a loyalty oath to the union; it was rejected by the Radical Republicans because they believed that African Americans should be granted full citizenship 5. Wade Davis Act – Reconstruction plan of the Radical Republicans in response to Lincoln’s 10% plan; Contrasted with most Lincoln’s reconstruction concerning the conditions of readmission to statehood 6. John Wilkes Booth – assassinated President Abraham Lincoln 7. Radical Republicans – Group of extremist that attempted to plan the reconstruction; Republicans became strong in the South, in part because millions of southern African Americans became voters; Congressmen who supported freedmen and sought to punish the South for the Civil War 8. Freedmen’s Bureau – first federal relief agency created in America; agency created in 1865 to aid African Americans freed from slavery; provided food, clothing, medical supplies and education to freedmen; greatest achievement was in the area of education…250,000 freedmen were educated through this program; Johnson viewed it as a meddlesome agency that should be killed 9. Andrew Johnson – 17th President; Reconstruction plan required wealthy planters and Confederates to apply for pardons; under his plan voters had to ratify the 13th Amendment, and state constitutions had to ban slavery; Congress overturned Johnson’s vetoes on major reconstruction legislation to support Southern African Americans 10. Thaddeus Stevens – Radical Republican in Congress instrumental in the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 11. Tenure of Office Act – law passed by the Radical Republicans restricting the Presidents ability to remove individuals from office 12. Impeachment of Johnson – Occurred when President Johnson attempted to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton; The House impeached the President but the Senate failed to remove him 13. Black codes – 1865 laws passed in the south to restrict the rights of African Americans; main purpose was to ensure a stable labor supply 14. Poll Tax – a black code that required payment of a special fee in order to vote 15. Ku Klux Klan – used violence to prevent freed people from voting 16. 13th Amendment – made slavery illegal in the United States 17. 14th Amendment – guaranteed citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves; promised equal legal protection to former slaves; its enduring significance is its due process and protection clauses; Tennessee was the first and only ex-Confederate state to ratify 18. 15th Amendment – failed to fulfill its promise for nearly a century because voting rights were denied to many 19. Ulysses S. Grant – 18th president; had his ability to lead marred by scandal 20. Successes of Reconstruction – introduction of a tax-supported public school system in the South; raising AA expectations of their right to citizenship 21. Failures of Reconstruction – racism continued in both the north and south; 22. Compromise of 1877 – Rutherford B. Hayes became President, brought an end to reconstruction; federal troops were removed from the South and subsidies were given to the railroads 23. Rutherford B. Hayes – 19th President; his election effectively ended Reconstruction because federal intervention ended in the South 24. Plight African Americans in the South – most AA families remained in rural areas, where they worked at jobs such as lumbering or farming 25. End of Reconstruction – northern support faded because the cost of military operations in the South worried many people 26. Carpetbaggers – Northerners that moved to the South after the war to aid freedmen or exploit those in the South 27. Scalawags – Southerners that aided or worked with northerners or freed slaves after the war Other important information: The South became a stronghold of the Republican Party. Southern Economy – was destroyed by the end of the Civil War