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GOAL 3
Civil War and Reconstruction
3.01
Trace the economic, social, and
political events from the Mexican
War to the outbreak of the Civil
War.
Debate over Expansion of
Slavery
Kansas Nebraska Act• allowed popular sovereignty for Kansas and
Nebraska
• Popular Sovereignty-idea that a territory can decide
whether or not to have slavery
Bleeding Kansas
• mini civil war; fought
over issue of slavery
in Kansas
• Caused by the
Kansas Nebraska
Act
Brooks Sumner Incident
• Preston Brooks hit Charles Sumner with a cane
because of the debate over slavery
• Debate was about Kansas Nebraska Act
Freeport Doctrine
• idea by Stephen
Douglas that states
can forbid slavery
even if the Supreme
Court said they
couldn’t
Compromise of 1850
• made concessions for the North: (1)
California is a free state (2) slave trade
outlawed in Washington, DC…
• Concessions for the south: (1) Strict
fugitive slave act-means runaway
slaves had to be returned (2) Popular
Sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott Case
• Supreme Court ruled 3
major things:
• (1) Slaves are not
citizens
• (2) Slaves are property
(3)Missouri
Compromise is
unconstitutional
• Hurts the abolitionist
movement
Growing Sectionalism
Slave Codes
• slaves couldn’t be taught; they could not own
weapons; etc.
• Southern states wanted more control over
slaves
• Brought about by revolts (Nat Turner in Va &
Denmark Vesey in SC)
• Underground RR- Harriet Tubman
Fugitive Slave Act
• US citizens must report runaway slaves
and help return them to their owner
• Made the north extremely angry
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Book by Harriet
Beecher Stowe; helped
the abolitionist
movement
• Book gave people
chance to see exactly
how slaves lived
• Lincoln called Stowe
“the little lady that
started this big war”
John Brown
• Abolitionist
• led raid on federal
arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Va.
• Wanted to arm
runaway slaves
• executed
3.02
Analyze and assess the causes of
the Civil War
Long Term Causes
North vs. South
• Slavery is the main issue
• States’ rights become an issue
• South viewed the government as an
agreement between state and national
governments, which a state could
remove itself from (secession)
• Remember: compact theory and
nullification
• South saw expansion as an economic
opportunity which needed slavery
Immediate Causes of the War
Election of 1860
• Lincoln wins with no southern votes
• Lincoln is a Republican
• Lincoln is not an abolitionist, but he
does want to keep slavery from
spreading
• South Carolina secedes within a month
of Lincoln’s victory
Secession
• SC first, then 6 other deep south states
• Eventually 11 states in all secede
• They formed their own
nation…Confederate States of America
(CSA)
Slave states not seceding
• Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, Maryland
• Lincoln feels he has to keep Maryland from
seceding
• If Maryland secedes then the nation’s capital
will be surrounded by confederates
• Lincoln uses martial law (military law) to keep
Maryland
• Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus
Ft. Sumter
• First shots of the Civil War (April 1861)
• South prevents the north from supplying
this FEDERAL fort; this makes the
south the aggressor
• This solidifies northern public opinion
against the south
Ft. Sumter
3.03
Identify political and military
turning points of the Civil War and
assess their significance to
outcome of the conflict.
Advantages of each side
North
•
•
•
•
•
Stronger economy (banks)
Real government
More industry
More railroads
More people
So
uth
• Better generals *********
• Fighting a defensive war
• More accustomed to outdoor life
Strategies of each side
North: Anaconda Plan
• Blockade southern ports;
prevent exporting or
importing goods
• Take the Mississippi
River; this would divide
the south
• Take Richmond, Va.
which was the capital of
the CSA
• Wage total war: destroy
the will of the civilians to
fight
South: Cotton Diplomacy
• Get help from
Europe because
they needed cotton
from the south
• Fight a defensive
war; war of attrition
New military technology
Ironclads
• Ships armored by iron sheets
• Helped defend against cannon fire
• Monitor (US) v. Merrimack (CSA)- battle of
ironclad ships
Submarines
• CSS Hunleysuccessful
confederate sub
• Sank Union
blockade vessel in
Charleston harbor
• Helped change
future naval wars
Total War
• Wage war against the entire population
• Break the will of the people to wage war
• Lay cities under siege; people will be on
the brink of starvation so the city will
surrender
• Sherman’s March will be an example of
total war
Executive Powers during Civil
War
Habeus Corpus
• This is the right of the accused to be
told why they are being taken into
custody
• Lincoln suspended this to prevent future
rebellions
• Do not have to provide evidence of a
crime before arresting someone
Emancipation Proclamation
• Make Europe think the
war is about slavery
• Freed slaves in areas
of rebellion; freed
slaves in states that
seceded
• Changed the purpose
of the war from
preserving the union to
freeing the slaves
(moral cause)
Gettysburg Address
•
•
•
•
After the battle of Gettysburg, Pa.
Dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg
Laid out the goals of the war
“four score and seven years ago…”
African American participation
• Wanted to be active
in gaining their
freedom
• Gave north more
power in fighting the
war
• 54th Massachusetts
Key battles of the Civil War
First Bull Run
FIRST
MAJOR BATTLE
CONFEDERATEs WIN
LINCOLN AND NORTH REALIZES THE WAR WILL
LAST LONGER THAN ORIGINALLY THOUGHT
 ENLIST 500,000 MEN OVER THE NEXT 3 YRS
Antietam
• MARYLAND
• BLOODIEST ONE
DAY OF THE WAR
• 6,000 KILLED;
16,000 WOUNDED
• UNION VICTORY
• GB DECIDES NOT
TO GET INVOLVED
• Why???
Gettysburg
• PENNSYLVANIA
• TURNING POINT OF
THE WAR
• UNION VICTORY
• JULY 1ST-JULY 4TH
1863
• PICKETT’S CHARGE
(CONFEDERACY)
• CONF-28,000
CASUALTIES; UNION
23,000
Vicksburg
• IN MISSISSIPPI;
PLACED UNDER
SIEGE
• UNION ATTACKS
FROM SOUTH
• GIVES THE UNION
CONTROL OF THE
MISS. R.
SHERMAN’S MARCH
• WILLIAM SHERMAN
(U) MARCHES TO
ATLANTA AND BURNS
IT…HE THEN GOES
TO SAVANNAH
BURNING
EVERYTHING
FORCING THE SOUTH
TO SURRENDER
Political and Military leaders
of the Civil War
Robert E. Lee
• General for the
Confederate Army
• Possibly the best
leader of all the Civil
War
• From Virginia
• Was not a major
supporter of
secession
Stonewall Jackson
• Confederate military
leader
• Gained fame at Bull
Run
Jefferson Davis
• President of the
CSA
• Capital located in
Richmond
Ulysses S. Grant
• Union general
• Defeated Lee to win
the war
• Elected president in
1868
William T. Sherman
• Made wasteland of
the south during his
March to Sea
• “War is hell”
George McClellan
• Slow, cautious
commander of the
Union
• Fired by Lincoln
after Antietam
• Runs for president
in 1864; defeated by
Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
• Southern actor
• Confederate sympathizer
• Assassinated Lincoln
Resistance to the War Effort
Copperheads
• Northern democrats that favored
allowing the south to secede
Draft Riots
• Occurred in northern cities
• Some northerners did not want to fight
to free slaves (ESPECIALLY TRUE OF
THE IRISH)
• They saw the Civil War as a rich man’s
war and a poor man’s fight
3.04
Analyze the political, economic,
and social impact of
Reconstruction on the nation and
identify the reasons
Reconstruction came to an end
Limits on presidential and
congressional power
Radical Republicans
• Group in Congress
that wanted to
punish the South
• Wanted to tear down
the social and
political powers that
started the war
• Led by Thaddeus
Stevens and
Charles Sumner
Presidential Plans of
Reconstruction
• Lincoln and Johnson
• Be lenient on the south
(Lincoln was more
lenient than Johnson)
• Lincoln said “Let ‘em up
easy”, and “charity for
all and malice toward
none”
• 10%plan
• Pardon most
confederates
Congressional (Radical)
Reconstruction
• Punish the south
• Re-work the social and political
hierarchy
• Military Reconstruction- military
occupied zones in the south to enforce
Reconstruction policies (south hated
this the most)
Military Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson
• Viewed as weak
• Vetoed many
Reconstruction Acts
• Impeached for
violating the Tenure
of Office Act (he was
not removed from
office though)
Reconstruction: Resistance
and Decline
Compromise of 1877
• Election of 1876 is too
close, accusations of
cheating, so no winner
is declared
• Compromise strikes
deal to give the victory
to Rutherford B. Hayes
if he removes military
from south
• Ends reconstruction
Scalawags and
Carpetbaggers
• Two most hated groups
in the south after Civil
War
• Scalawags- white
southerners that
supported republicans
and Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggersnortherners that came
south after the war to
“help” freedmen and
make money
Black Codes
• Passed by southern states to keep
white southerners in charge and restore
some of the pre-war racial system
• Most were repressive
• Kept blacks from voting
Ku Klux Klan
• Terrorist group started as a Confederate
veterans organization
• Kept blacks from voting and took away other
civil rights
Enfranchisement and Civil
Rights
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Designed to give freed men and poor whites
education, food, clothing, and medical
supplies
• It did very little
Solid South
• Whites eventually regain the state
legislatures
• Set laws that ensured southern states
would vote Democrat
• Banned black voting through literacy
tests, poll tax, and grandfather clauses
Civil War Amendments
• 13th- abolished slavery
• 14th- defined citizenship, provided all
citizens equal protection under the law,
guaranteed due process
• 15th- granted black male suffrage (right
to vote)
Life of Freed Slaves
• Tenant Farmers
• Sharecroppers