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Download Unit 9 ~ The Civil War
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The Civil War “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Abraham Lincoln Timeline of Events 1861 – Confederate constitution framed, February 8th – Fort Sumter fired upon, April 12th – First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July 21st – The Trent Affair Timeline of Events 1862 – Union forces win control of the Mississippi River – Monitor v. Virginia (Merrimac) – Union forces defeated in the Peninsular campaign – Seven Days Battle – Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) Timeline of Events 1862 – First Confederate invasion attempt end at Antietam (Sharpsburg) – Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation issued – Battle of Fredericksburg Timeline of Events 1863 – Final Emancipation Proclamation issued – Siege of Vicksburg – Battle of Chancellorsville – Second Confederate invasion attempt ends at Gettysburg Timeline of Events 1863 – Fails of Confederate hopes abroad – Battle of Chickamauga – Battle of Chattanooga Timeline of Events 1864 – Battle of the Wilderness – Grant’s Overland Campaign begins – Sherman’s March through Georgia – CSS Alabama captured and sunk Timeline of Events 1864 – Fall of Atlanta – Siege of Petersburg – Battle of Cedar Creek – Lincoln reelected over McClellan – Capture of Savannah Timeline of Events 1865 – Sayler’s Creek – Capture of Columbia, S.C. – Battle of Bentonville, N.C. – Lee surrenders at Appomattox, April 9th Timeline of Events 1865 – Lincoln assassinated, April 14th – Civil War officially ends on May 26th – CSS Shenandoah sails until August when its guns are finally dismantled Secession Continues With 7 states that had already seceded from the Union, Confederate soldiers began taking over federal installations including forts, courthouses, post offices and other public buildings Fort Sumter By March 4th, only 2 Southern forts remained in Union hands ~ the most important being Fort Sumter located in Charleston, S.C. Major Anderson, the commander of the fort sends a message to Lincoln ~ he either gives up the fort or faces attack Civil War Begins Lincoln did not reinforce Fort Sumter and he refused to abandon it The choice for war was left up to Jefferson Davis ~ he chose war Attack began on April 12th at 4:30 am Anderson surrenders the fort on April 13th after being shelled with more than 4000 rounds Civil War Begins Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Lincoln Calls For Troops Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers for a 3 month enlistment Virginia was not willing to fight other southern states so on April 17, 1861 Virginia seceded from the Union Virginia was a crucial state because it was the most industrialized in the South with an ironworks and a navy yard The Confederacy Is Formed May 1861 – Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina making 11 states in secession Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri did not secede Many of the citizens from those states did end up fighting for the Confederacy Union Advantages More fighting power More factories Greater food production Better railroads A skilled leader, Abraham Lincoln, good a balancing political factions Confederate Advantages King Cotton and its profits First-rate generals and a strong military tradition Motivated soldiers who were defending their homeland Union Strategies Three-part plan (Anaconda Plan) – Union navy was to blockade Southern ports so they could not import or export goods – Union riverboats & armies were to move down the Mississippi River & split the Confederacy into 2 – Union armies were to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, VA Confederate Strategies Goal was to survive until the Union would recognize them as an independent country Strategy was most defensive Southern leaders did encourage their generals to attack if they could and to invade the North First Manassas (Bull Run) First major engagement between the two armies Union commander – Irvin McDowell Confederate commander – P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas J. Jackson receives his nickname “Stonewall” from this battle Confederate reinforcements arrive in the afternoon and turn the tide First Manassas (Bull Run) First victory for the South Union troops retreat toward Washington D.C. Confederate morale soared The Aftermath of Bull Run With the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln called for 500,000 troops and another 500,000 3 days after. McDowell is replaced by George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army of the Potomac Union Armies in the West Fort Henry and Fort Donelson – February 1862 – Headed by General Ulysses S. Grant • Failed at everything he tried in civilian life • Brave, tough, and decisive military commander – Took eleven days to capture the forts – Called for “Unconditional Surrender” – Confederates accepted and Grant earned his nickname ~ “Unconditional Surrender” Grant Union Armies in the West Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Union Armies in the West Shiloh – March 1862 – It was the name of a small church in Tennessee – Union forces surprised by Confederates – Many Union soldiers killed while making coffee or still lying in their blankets – Grant counterattacks the next day – By mid-afternoon Confederates in retreat Union Armies in the West Shiloh Union Armies in the West Shiloh – Results • Generals realize they need scouts • Need to dig trenches & build fortifications • Demonstrated how bloody the war could become • 25,000 were killed wounded or captured • Battle was a draw, but showed the Union could succeed in splitting the Confederacy Union Armies in the West Farragut on the Lower Mississippi – 40 ships moving towards Louisiana – Objective is to take New Orleans – Farragut took his fleet past 2 forts and in 5 days took New Orleans – Over the new 2 months he also took Baton Rouge, and Natchez Battle of the Ironclads Ironclad could splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon fire, and resist burning March 1862 – Monitor v. Merrimack (aka CSS Virginia) – Merrimack sunk off coast of Virginia in 1861, Confederates recovered her – Confederate engineers put to work to create an ironclad Battle of the Ironclads Monitor – John Ericsson commissioned by the Union to create the “Monitor” a “giant cheese box” on an “immense shingle” – Two guns on a rotating turret Battle of the Ironclads Battle of the Ironclads Battle of the Ironclads Merrimac attacks 3 Union ships – First Ship ~ USS Cumberland ~ sunk – Second Ship ~ USS Congress ~ burned – Third Ship ~ USS Minnesota ~ run aground Monitor arrives the following day and engages the Merrimac Battle is a draw Era of wooden ships is over New Weapons Rifle ~ more accurate than muskets and could be loaded more quickly ~ 3 round per minute Minie ball ~ soft lead bullet that was more destructive Used primitive grenades and land mines War for the Capitals On to Richmond – George McClellan ~ capable administrator but too cautious – Refused to move without 270,000 troops – Finally moves troops towards Richmond – Battle with Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate troops – Johnston wounded and Lee takes command – Lee moves against McClellan in the Seven Days Battles (June – July 1862) – Lee unnerves McClellan who leaves and heads toward the Peninsula to the sea Antietam Lee wins at 2nd Bull Run (Manassas) in August 1862 Crosses the Potomac River and head into Maryland Union corporal finds a copy of Lee’s Army orders McClellan meets Lee near Sharpsburg, Maryland at Antietam Creek in September 1862 Antietam Antietam Bloodiest single day battle in American history Casualty total ~ more than 26,000 Instead of pursuing the Confederates, McClellan did nothing Battle was a standoff South retreated back to Virginia Lincoln fires McClellan Antietam Lincoln at Antietam Britain Remains Neutral The Trent Affair – Fall 1861 – Confederate government sends 2 delegates to gain support from Britain and France – James Mason and John Slidell were traveling on the British merchant ship Trent – They were stopped between Cuba and Florida by the USS San Jacinto commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes – Britain is outraged and threatens war – Lincoln frees the two men and war is averted with Britain Proclaiming Emancipation Lincoln dislikes slavery Believes the federal government had the power to abolish it Major reason for fighting the war is preservation of the Union Lincoln adds emancipation of slaves as a war aim to his goals Lincoln uses emancipation as a weapon of war Emancipation Proclamation Issued on January 1, 1863 Only applied to areas behind Confederate lines outside Union control Was a military action aimed at the states in rebellion only Did not apply to Southern territory already occupied by Unions troops Did not apply to slave states that had not seceded Emancipation Proclamation Reactions to the Proclamation Not much practical effect Immense symbolic importance Gave the war a high moral purpose Free blacks liked that they could enlist in the Union army Democrats believed it would help prolong the war Confederates reacted with outrage War became a fight to the death with the issue of slavery being settled at its outcome Both Sides Face Problems Dissent – Lincoln • sends troops into Maryland because a crowd in Baltimore attacked a Union regiment • suspends the writ of habeas corpus • Seizes telegraph offices to make sure no one uses them for subversion Both Sides Face Problems Conscription – A draft that would force certain members of the population to serve in the army South – Confederates passed a draft law in 1862 • Drafted all able bodied white men between 18 and 35 • By 1864 ~ between 17 and 50 – If you could afford to do so, you could hire a substitute – Exempted planters with more than 20 slaves – 80% of eligible Southern men served in the Confederate army Both Sides Face Problems North – Union passed a draft law in 1863 • Drafted the white males between 20 and 45 for 3 years • Allowed draftees to hire substitutes • Provided for commutation ~ paying a $300 fee to avoid conscription altogether • Only 46,000 draftees went into the Union army • 92% of the 2 million soldiers were volunteers • 180,000 were African-Americans Both Sides Face Problems Draft Riots – 1863 ~ New York City – Poor people were crowded into slums, crime was rampant, disease ran amok – Mobs rampaged the city when the draft was brought there – Rioters wrecked draft offices, Republican newspaper offices, and the homes of antislavery leaders – Federals troops were brought in – 100 people were killed Draft Riots New York City Draft Riots African American Soldiers 1862 – Congress passes a law to allow African Americans to serve in the military – 10% of the Union army was African American by the end of the war – Suffered discrimination – Could not rise above the rank of captain – Black private earned $10 a month and no clothing allowance (whites ~ $13 and a $3.50 clothing allowance) – Congress equalizes pay in 1864 African American Soldiers African American Soldiers Mortality rate higher among African Americans – Assigned garrison duty thus more likely to catch typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, or another deadly disease African American soldiers were not treated as POWs, usually they were executed or returned to slavery Fort Pillow Massacre – 1864 – Tennessee – 200 African Americans and some whites were killed Confederate Slave Resistance Union forces push further into the Confederacy Slaves seek freedom behind Union lines Some stay on plantations to destroy the farm implements and fences Slave resistance will weaken the plantation system By 1864 slavery is doomed War Affects Economies Southern Shortages – Food shortage due to a drain on manpower, Union occupation of food growing areas, and the lose of slave labor to work the fields – Meat became scarce – Average amount spent on food per month • 1861 ~ $6.65 • 1863 ~ $68 – Riots broke out because of food shortages – Confederacy gave out some of its stores of rice – Union blockaded southern ports blocking much need supplies ~ medicines and food stuff War Affects Economies Northern Economic Growth – Effect of the war was more positive on the North – Created an economic boom for the manufacturers and the Western farmers – Downside • Wages did not keep up with prices • Standard of living declined – Women • Obtained government jobs for the first time • Kept those jobs after the war – Congress enacts first income tax in 1863 Soldiers Suffer Soldiers were required to take a bath once a week Wash hands once a day No latrines or garbage disposal Common ailments – Dysentery – Body Lice – Diarrhea Army Rations ~ not appealing ~ beans, bacon and hardtack Civil War Medicine United States Sanitary Commission – Established 1861 – Twofold task • Improve the hygienic conditions of army camps • Recruit and train nurses – Taught soldiers how to not pollute their water supply – Developed hospital trains and ships to transport wounded men from the battlefield Civil War Medicine United States Sanitary Commission Civil War Medicine Nurses – Dorothea Dix ~ became the first superintendent of women nurses • Women had to be at least 30 and very plain looking • 3,000 women served during the war – Clara Barton ~ “Angel of the Battlefield” • Cared for the sick or wounded on the front lines of the battlefield Civil War Medicine Dorothea Dix Clara Barton Prisons Andersonville – Located in Andersonville, Georgia – Jammed 33,000 men into 26 acres (34 sq. ft. per man) – No shelter from the sun or rain – Rigged tents from their blankets and sticks – Drank from the same stream that served as their sewer – 1/3 of the prisoners died – Henry Wirz ~ camp commander partially to blame • Eventually executed as a war criminal – 15% of Union prisoners died in prisons Prisons Andersonville Prisons Elmira, New York & Camp Douglas, Illinois – Only slightly better – Provided about 5 times as much space per man – Had barracks for sleeping and adequate food – Thousands contracted pneumonia and died because of no heat – Suffered from dysentery and malnutrition – 12% of Confederate prisoners died in Northern prisons Prisons Elmira, New York Camp Douglas, Illinois Chancellorsville May 1863 Lee outmaneuvered General Joseph Hooker and forced the Union army to retreat General Stonewall Jackson while riding on a patrol was accidentally shot by Confederate forces Left arm was amputated Jackson catches pneumonia and dies Lee decides to invade the North once again Chancellorsville Gettysburg July 1 – 3, 1863 Considered to be the turning point of the Civil War Most decisive battle of the war Confederate forces led by A.P. Hill head to Gettysburg looking for shoes and to meet up with General Lee Gettysburg Hill’s forces meet up with Union cavalry under the command of John Buford Buford orders his men to take defensive positions on the hills and ridges surrounding Gettysburg Confederate forces attack and Union forces fall back Confederates take control of the town Lee wants Cemetery Ridge, the high ground south of the town Gettysburg General A.P. Hill General John Buford Gettysburg Gettysburg The Second Day – 90,000 Union forces – 75,000 Confederate forces – Lee orders Longstreet to attack Cemetery Ridge from his position on Seminary Ridge by advancing up the Emmitsburg Road – Longstreet goes through the peach orchard and the wheat field instead – Little Round Top was left undefended by the Union – General Warren orders men from the 5th Corps division to the Little Round Top Gettysburg The Second Day continues – Chamberlain and the 20th Maine regiment are stationed on Little Round Top – They repulse a brigade of Alabamans repeatedly – Chamberlain and his men run out of ammunition and decide to fix bayonets and charge the Confederates – The 20th Maine shocks the Confederates who give up in large numbers – Chamberlain and the 20th Maine save the Union flank from being overrun Gettysburg The Third Day – Lee is optimistic his plan will succeed if he could break the Union lines – Lee orders an artillery barrage on the middle of the Union lines – Lee orders Longstreet to attack the Union center – Longstreet grudgingly agrees and send men including those under General Pickett marching toward the Union center – Union artillery starts up again and the Confederates are repulsed by that and infantry fire Gettysburg The Third Day Continues – Lee sends his cavalry led by James Ewell Brown (Jeb) Stuart around the Union right flank – Lee hopes to surprise the Union – This does not occur because Stuart’s forces clash with David Gregg and his men – Meade doesn’t order a counterattack and the Confederates retreat – Casualties • Union ~ 23,000 killed or wounded • Confederacy ~ 28,000 killed or wounded Gettysburg Pickett’s Charge Gettysburg General James Longstreet General Robert E. Lee Siege of Vicksburg Ulysses S. Grant continues his campaigns in the West Begins destroying railroad lines and cutting off supplies Grant sends troops south of Vicksburg and takes the capital, Jackson Grant begins a siege of Vicksburg by land and sea using artillery Residents took shelter in caves they dug out of the side of hills Siege of Vicksburg Food supplies ran low On July 3, 1863 the Confederate commander sent a message to Grant asking for terms Vicksburg fell of July 4, 1863 Five days later Port Hudson, Louisiana fell and the Confederacy was cut in two Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 A ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg First speaker ~ Edward Everett, noted orator spoke for 2 hours Abraham Lincoln then spoke for 2 minutes and changed how people thought about the United States Gettysburg Address Edward Everett Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Address Confederacy Wears Down Gettysburg and Vicksburg defeats cost the South fighting power Low on food, shoes, uniforms, guns, and ammunition Looked for a way to continue the war until a ceasefire could be declared and they would be recognized as an individual country Confederate Morale Morale began to deteriorate as the war progressed Farmers and planters began to resent the fact that the Confederacy wanted them to plant food crops instead of cash crops and then they were taxed for a portion of their crops to help the Confederacy Many soldiers deserted after receiving letters from home concerning lack of food and shortage of farm labor Confederate Morale All southern states except South Carolina had soldiers who had decided to fight for the North Jefferson Davis had a hard time governing because of internal discord Confederate Congress had disagreed amongst themselves Peace movements took place in North Carolina and Georgia but these movements failed Grant and Sherman March 1864 – Lincoln appoints U.S. Grant commander of all Union armies – Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of the military division of the Mississippi – Both men believed in total war – Believed it was essential to fight the army, the government and the civilian population – Reasoning ~ civilians grew food, made weapons, and transported goods for the army and the people’s will kept the war going Grant and Sherman Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman Grant & Lee in Virginia Grant’s strategy immobilize Lee’s army and have Sherman raid Georgia Grant’s casualties were twice as high as Lee’s Battle of the Wilderness – May 1864 – Brutal fighting and forest fires Other battles occur at – Spotsylvania – Cold Harbor ~ Grant loses over 7,000 men in 1 hour Grant & Lee in Virginia Petersburg – Under attack from June 1864 until April 1865 May 4 to June 18, 1864 – Grant loses about 60,000 men – Lee loses about 32,000 men – Grant can replace his men, Lee cannot Grant was called a butcher because of his total war policy Lincoln did not interfere because Grant had told him he would not turn back Grant & Lee in Virginia Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Sherman’s March May 1864 – Sherman heads towards Atlanta – Issues the Scorched Earth Policy • A wide path of destruction and living off the land – Mid- November ~ Atlanta burns (industrial area) – Some historians say Sherman is to blame other historians believe it was done by John Bell Hood – Sherman continue his March to the Sea and gives Lincoln a Christmas present ~ Savannah, Georgia – Sherman then heads north to assist Grant with wiping out Lee Sherman’s March Sherman’s Neckties Burning of Atlanta Capture of Savannah Election of 1864 Lincoln faces heavy opposition due to high casualty rates, recent Union losses and the length of the war Democrats nominate George McClellan Radical Republicans nominate John C. Fremont Lincoln supporters drop Republican name change it to the National Union Party and choose Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s running mate Lincoln wins a second term Election of 1864 Lincoln pessimistic about winning the election Needs a victory to help win August 5, 1864 ~ Admiral David Farragut enters Mobile Bay in Alabama and shuts down the major southern port September 2, 1864 ~ Sherman takes Atlanta End of September 1864 ~ Fremont withdraws October 19, 1864 ~ General Philip Sheridan chase the Confederates out of the Shenandoah Valley (Virginia) Election of 1864 Abraham Lincoln George McClellan John C. Fremont The End is Near March 1865 ~ End of the Confederacy is near Grant and Sheridan heading towards Richmond from the west Sherman coming in from the south April 2nd ~ Lee overcome by Grant’s forces at Petersburg Battle of the Crater occurs ~ Union loss Confederate government abandons Richmond and purposely set it afire Flames destroy 90 buildings and damage hundreds more Surrender at Appomattox Lee and Grant meet to arrange a Confederate surrender on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia Grant paroles all of Lee’s soldiers and sends them home with their personal possessions, horses, and 3 days of rations Officers allowed to keep side arms By May 1865 all confederate resistance has faded Civil War is declared over on May 26, 1865 Surrender at Appomattox Surrender at Appomattox Legacy of the War Political Changes – Federal government assumed supreme national authority and no state has ever seceded again – States’ rights has not gone away it has just changed how it has been viewed – Civil War greatly increased the federal government’s power – Federal government no longer too far away to reach the people Legacy of the War Economic Changes – Federal government helped to subsidize businesses during the Civil War – National Bank Act of 1863 passed ~ set up a system of federally chartered banks, set requirements for loans, and provided for banks to be inspected – Northern states economy boomed – Large scale commercial agriculture boomed by the end of the war – Southern states economy devastated – Slavery taken away and region’s industry wrecked Legacy of the War Economic Changes – 40% of livestock wiped out – Southern farm machinery and railroads mostly destroyed – Thousands of acres of land uncultivated – Economic gap between North and South widened • Pre Civil War ~ South held 30% of nation’s wealth • Post Civil War ~ South held 12% of nation’s wealth – Economic disparity would not diminish until the 20th century Legacy of the War Costs of the War ~ Human Costs ~ – – – – – Union casualties (deaths) ~ 360,000 men Confederate casualties (deaths) ~ 260,000 men Union wounded ~ 275,000 soldiers Confederate wounded ~ 225,000 soldiers Total serving during the war ~ 2.4 million out of a population of 31 million – Disruption of education, careers, and families – Almost every American family was affected Legacy of the War Costs of the War ~ Economic Costs ~ – Very extensive – Union and Confederate governments spent an estimated cost of $3.3 billion during the 4 years of war – 20 years later ~ interest payments and veteran’s pensions amounted to 2/3 of the federal budget War Changes Lives New Birth of Freedom – Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in the rebelling states – Nothing said about slaves in non-rebelling states – What would the government do about slavery? – Only solution ~ constitutional amendment abolishing slavery – 13th Amendment passes in 1865 and is ratified by the end of the year • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” War Changes Lives Civilians Follow New Paths – War leaders continued their military careers – Sherman remained in the army and spent most of his time fighting Native Americans in the West – Robert E. Lee, lost Arlington which was turned into a national cemetery by the Secretary of War, became the president of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia (now known as Washington and Lee University) – Veterans returned to their homes and farms, many moved to the cities or went west War Changes Lives Civilians Follow New Paths – Clara Barton, a Union nurse, went to Switzerland in 1869 to recuperate from the horrors she saw during the war – While there, she worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War – In 1881, she returned to America founded the American Red Cross Assassination of Lincoln Lincoln wanted to reunify the nation but never got the chance Whatever plans he had were cut short by his assassination on April 14, 1865 Lincoln along with his wife, Mary went to Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. to see Our American Cousin John Wilkes Booth, a 26 year old actor and southern sympathizer crept into the unguarded presidential box and shot Lincoln in the back of the head Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln Booth leapt to the stage but broke his left leg in the process He rose and some say he yelled “Sic Semper Tyrannis” (Thus always to tyrants), others say he said “The South is avenged” and then limped off stage He was caught 12 days later in a tobacco barn in Virginia. The barn was set afire and after he refused to surrender a shot was fired Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln He was dragged out and Booth whispered “Tell my mother I died for my country. I did what I thought was best. His last words were “Useless, useless.” Lincoln died on April 15, 1865 at the Peterson House at 7:22 am This was the first time a president had been assassinated Funeral train took 14 days to go from Washington, D.C. to Springfield, Illinois Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln 7 million Americans publically mourned Lincoln Civil War was finished Slavery and secession were gone The next step would be how to heal a nation that had been torn apart and how to help about 4 million newly freed African Americans