Download Unit 9 ~ The Civil War

The Civil War
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand.”
Abraham Lincoln
Timeline of Events
 1861
– Confederate constitution framed, February
8th
– Fort Sumter fired upon, April 12th
– First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), July
21st
– The Trent Affair
Timeline of Events
 1862
– Union forces win control of the Mississippi
River
– Monitor v. Virginia (Merrimac)
– Union forces defeated in the Peninsular
campaign
– Seven Days Battle
– Second Battle of
Bull Run (Manassas)
Timeline of Events
 1862
– First Confederate invasion attempt end at
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
– Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
issued
– Battle of Fredericksburg
Timeline of Events
 1863
– Final Emancipation Proclamation issued
– Siege of Vicksburg
– Battle of Chancellorsville
– Second Confederate invasion attempt ends
at Gettysburg
Timeline of Events
 1863
– Fails of Confederate hopes abroad
– Battle of Chickamauga
– Battle of Chattanooga
Timeline of Events
 1864
– Battle of the Wilderness
– Grant’s Overland Campaign begins
– Sherman’s March through Georgia
– CSS Alabama captured and sunk
Timeline of Events
 1864
– Fall of Atlanta
– Siege of Petersburg
– Battle of Cedar
Creek
– Lincoln reelected
over McClellan
– Capture of
Savannah
Timeline of Events
 1865
– Sayler’s Creek
– Capture of Columbia, S.C.
– Battle of Bentonville, N.C.
– Lee surrenders at Appomattox, April 9th
Timeline of Events
 1865
– Lincoln assassinated, April 14th
– Civil War officially ends on May 26th
– CSS Shenandoah sails until August when
its guns are finally dismantled
Secession Continues
 With 7 states that had already seceded
from the Union, Confederate soldiers
began taking over
federal installations
including forts,
courthouses, post
offices and other
public buildings
Fort Sumter
 By March 4th, only 2 Southern forts remained
in Union hands ~ the most important being
Fort Sumter located in Charleston, S.C.
 Major Anderson, the commander of the fort
sends a message to Lincoln ~ he either gives
up the fort or faces attack
Civil War Begins
 Lincoln did not reinforce Fort Sumter and he
refused to abandon it
 The choice for war was left up to Jefferson
Davis ~ he chose war
 Attack began on April 12th at 4:30 am
 Anderson surrenders
the fort on April 13th
after being shelled
with more than
4000 rounds
Civil War Begins
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
Lincoln Calls For Troops
 Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers for a 3
month enlistment
 Virginia was not willing to fight other southern
states so on April 17, 1861 Virginia seceded
from the Union
 Virginia was a crucial state because it was
the most industrialized in the South with an
ironworks and a navy yard
The Confederacy Is Formed
 May 1861 – Arkansas, Tennessee, and North
Carolina making 11 states in secession
 Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri
did not secede
 Many of the citizens
from those states did
end up fighting for the
Confederacy
Union Advantages
 More fighting power
 More factories
 Greater food production
 Better railroads
 A skilled leader,
Abraham Lincoln,
good a balancing
political factions
Confederate Advantages
 King Cotton and its profits
 First-rate generals and a strong military
tradition
 Motivated soldiers who were defending their
homeland
Union Strategies
 Three-part plan (Anaconda Plan)
– Union navy was to blockade Southern
ports so they could not import or export
goods
– Union riverboats & armies were to move
down the Mississippi River & split the
Confederacy into 2
– Union armies were
to capture the
Confederate capital
at Richmond, VA
Confederate Strategies
 Goal was to survive until the Union would
recognize them as an independent country
 Strategy was most defensive
 Southern leaders did encourage their
generals to attack if they could and to invade
the North
First Manassas (Bull Run)
 First major engagement between the two
armies
 Union commander – Irvin McDowell
 Confederate commander – P.G.T.
Beauregard
 Thomas J. Jackson receives his nickname
“Stonewall” from this battle
 Confederate reinforcements arrive in the
afternoon and turn the tide
First Manassas (Bull Run)
 First victory for the South
 Union troops retreat toward Washington D.C.
 Confederate morale soared
The Aftermath of Bull Run
 With the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln called for
500,000 troops and another 500,000 3 days
after.
 McDowell is replaced by George B. McClellan
as commander of the Union Army of the
Potomac
Union Armies in the West
 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
– February 1862
– Headed by General Ulysses S. Grant
• Failed at everything he tried in civilian life
• Brave, tough, and decisive military commander
– Took eleven days to capture the forts
– Called for “Unconditional Surrender”
– Confederates accepted and Grant earned
his nickname ~ “Unconditional Surrender”
Grant
Union Armies in the West
 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
Union Armies in the West
 Shiloh
– March 1862
– It was the name of a small church in
Tennessee
– Union forces surprised by Confederates
– Many Union soldiers killed while making
coffee or still lying in their blankets
– Grant counterattacks the next day
– By mid-afternoon Confederates in retreat
Union Armies in the West
 Shiloh
Union Armies in the West
 Shiloh
– Results
• Generals realize they need scouts
• Need to dig trenches & build fortifications
• Demonstrated how bloody the war could
become
• 25,000 were killed wounded or captured
• Battle was a draw, but showed the Union
could succeed in splitting the Confederacy
Union Armies in the West
 Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
– 40 ships moving towards Louisiana
– Objective is to take New Orleans
– Farragut took his fleet past 2 forts and in 5
days took New Orleans
– Over the new 2 months he also took Baton
Rouge, and Natchez
Battle of the Ironclads
 Ironclad could splinter wooden ships,
withstand cannon fire, and resist burning
 March 1862
– Monitor v. Merrimack (aka CSS Virginia)
– Merrimack sunk off coast of Virginia in 1861,
Confederates recovered her
– Confederate engineers put to work to create an
ironclad
Battle of the Ironclads
 Monitor
– John Ericsson commissioned by the Union
to create the “Monitor” a “giant cheese box”
on an “immense shingle”
– Two guns on a rotating turret
Battle of the Ironclads
Battle of the Ironclads
Battle of the Ironclads
 Merrimac attacks 3 Union ships
– First Ship ~ USS Cumberland ~ sunk
– Second Ship ~ USS Congress ~ burned
– Third Ship ~ USS Minnesota ~ run aground
 Monitor arrives the following day and
engages the Merrimac
 Battle is a draw
 Era of wooden ships is over
New Weapons
 Rifle ~ more accurate than muskets and
could be loaded more quickly ~ 3 round per
minute
 Minie ball ~ soft lead bullet that was more
destructive
 Used primitive grenades and land mines
War for the Capitals
 On to Richmond
– George McClellan ~ capable administrator but too
cautious
– Refused to move without 270,000 troops
– Finally moves troops towards Richmond
– Battle with Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate
troops
– Johnston wounded and Lee takes command
– Lee moves against McClellan in the Seven Days
Battles (June – July 1862)
– Lee unnerves McClellan who leaves and heads
toward the Peninsula to the sea
Antietam
 Lee wins at 2nd Bull Run (Manassas) in
August 1862
 Crosses the Potomac River and head into
Maryland
 Union corporal finds a copy of Lee’s Army
orders
 McClellan meets Lee near Sharpsburg,
Maryland at Antietam Creek in September
1862
Antietam
Antietam
 Bloodiest single day battle in American
history
 Casualty total ~ more than 26,000
 Instead of pursuing the Confederates,
McClellan did nothing
 Battle was a standoff
 South retreated back to Virginia
 Lincoln fires McClellan
Antietam
Lincoln at Antietam
Britain Remains Neutral
 The Trent Affair
– Fall 1861
– Confederate government sends 2 delegates to
gain support from Britain and France
– James Mason and John Slidell were traveling on
the British merchant ship Trent
– They were stopped between Cuba and Florida by
the USS San Jacinto commanded by Captain
Charles Wilkes
– Britain is outraged and threatens war
– Lincoln frees the two men and war is averted with
Britain
Proclaiming Emancipation
 Lincoln dislikes slavery
 Believes the federal government had the
power to abolish it
 Major reason for fighting the war is
preservation of the Union
 Lincoln adds emancipation of slaves as a war
aim to his goals
 Lincoln uses emancipation as a weapon of
war
Emancipation Proclamation
 Issued on January 1, 1863
 Only applied to areas behind Confederate
lines outside Union control
 Was a military action aimed at the states in
rebellion only
 Did not apply to Southern territory already
occupied by Unions troops
 Did not apply to slave states that had not
seceded
Emancipation Proclamation
Reactions to the Proclamation
 Not much practical effect
 Immense symbolic importance
 Gave the war a high moral purpose
 Free blacks liked that they could enlist in the
Union army
 Democrats believed it would help prolong the
war
 Confederates reacted with outrage
 War became a fight to the death with the
issue of slavery being settled at its outcome
Both Sides Face Problems
 Dissent
– Lincoln
• sends troops into Maryland because a
crowd in Baltimore attacked a Union
regiment
• suspends the writ of habeas corpus
• Seizes telegraph offices to make sure no
one uses them for subversion
Both Sides Face Problems
 Conscription
– A draft that would force certain members of the
population to serve in the army
 South
– Confederates passed a draft law in 1862
• Drafted all able bodied white men between 18 and 35
• By 1864 ~ between 17 and 50
– If you could afford to do so, you could hire a
substitute
– Exempted planters with more than 20 slaves
– 80% of eligible Southern men served in the
Confederate army
Both Sides Face Problems
 North
– Union passed a draft law in 1863
• Drafted the white males between 20 and 45 for
3 years
• Allowed draftees to hire substitutes
• Provided for commutation ~ paying a $300 fee
to avoid conscription altogether
• Only 46,000 draftees went into the Union army
• 92% of the 2 million soldiers were volunteers
• 180,000 were African-Americans
Both Sides Face Problems
 Draft Riots
– 1863 ~ New York City
– Poor people were crowded into slums, crime was
rampant, disease ran amok
– Mobs rampaged the city when the draft was
brought there
– Rioters wrecked draft offices, Republican
newspaper offices, and the homes of antislavery
leaders
– Federals troops were brought in
– 100 people were killed
Draft Riots
New York City Draft Riots
African American Soldiers
 1862
– Congress passes a law to allow African Americans
to serve in the military
– 10% of the Union army was African American by
the end of the war
– Suffered discrimination
– Could not rise above the rank of captain
– Black private earned $10 a month and no clothing
allowance (whites ~ $13 and a $3.50 clothing
allowance)
– Congress equalizes pay in 1864
African American Soldiers
African American Soldiers
 Mortality rate higher among African Americans
– Assigned garrison duty thus more likely to catch
typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, or another deadly
disease
 African American soldiers were not treated as
POWs, usually they were executed or returned to
slavery
 Fort Pillow Massacre
– 1864
– Tennessee
– 200 African Americans and some whites were
killed
Confederate Slave Resistance
 Union forces push further into the
Confederacy
 Slaves seek freedom behind Union lines
 Some stay on plantations to destroy the farm
implements and fences
 Slave resistance will weaken the plantation
system
 By 1864 slavery is doomed
War Affects Economies
 Southern Shortages
– Food shortage due to a drain on manpower, Union
occupation of food growing areas, and the lose of
slave labor to work the fields
– Meat became scarce
– Average amount spent on food per month
• 1861 ~ $6.65
• 1863 ~ $68
– Riots broke out because of food shortages
– Confederacy gave out some of its stores of rice
– Union blockaded southern ports blocking much
need supplies ~ medicines and food stuff
War Affects Economies
 Northern Economic Growth
– Effect of the war was more positive on the North
– Created an economic boom for the manufacturers
and the Western farmers
– Downside
• Wages did not keep up with prices
• Standard of living declined
– Women
• Obtained government jobs for the first time
• Kept those jobs after the war
– Congress enacts first income tax in 1863
Soldiers Suffer
 Soldiers were required to take a bath once a
week
 Wash hands once a day
 No latrines or garbage disposal
 Common ailments
– Dysentery
– Body Lice
– Diarrhea
 Army Rations ~ not appealing ~ beans, bacon
and hardtack
Civil War Medicine
 United States Sanitary Commission
– Established 1861
– Twofold task
• Improve the hygienic conditions of army camps
• Recruit and train nurses
– Taught soldiers how to not pollute their water
supply
– Developed hospital trains and ships to transport
wounded men from the battlefield
Civil War Medicine
United States Sanitary Commission
Civil War Medicine
 Nurses
– Dorothea Dix ~ became the first superintendent of
women nurses
• Women had to be at least 30 and very plain
looking
• 3,000 women served during the war
– Clara Barton ~ “Angel of the Battlefield”
• Cared for the sick or wounded on the front lines
of the battlefield
Civil War Medicine
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Prisons
 Andersonville
– Located in Andersonville, Georgia
– Jammed 33,000 men into 26 acres (34 sq. ft. per
man)
– No shelter from the sun or rain
– Rigged tents from their blankets and sticks
– Drank from the same stream that served as their
sewer
– 1/3 of the prisoners died
– Henry Wirz ~ camp commander partially to blame
• Eventually executed as a war criminal
– 15% of Union prisoners died in prisons
Prisons
Andersonville
Prisons
 Elmira, New York & Camp Douglas, Illinois
– Only slightly better
– Provided about 5 times as much space per man
– Had barracks for sleeping and adequate food
– Thousands contracted pneumonia and died
because of no heat
– Suffered from dysentery and malnutrition
– 12% of Confederate prisoners died in Northern
prisons
Prisons
Elmira,
New York
Camp Douglas,
Illinois
Chancellorsville
 May 1863
 Lee outmaneuvered General Joseph Hooker
and forced the Union army to retreat
 General Stonewall Jackson while riding on a
patrol was accidentally shot by Confederate
forces
 Left arm was amputated
 Jackson catches pneumonia and dies
 Lee decides to invade the North once again
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
 July 1 – 3, 1863
 Considered to be the turning point of the Civil
War
 Most decisive battle of the war
 Confederate forces led by A.P. Hill head to
Gettysburg looking for shoes and to meet up
with General Lee
Gettysburg
 Hill’s forces meet up with Union cavalry under
the command of John Buford
 Buford orders his men to take defensive
positions on the hills and ridges surrounding
Gettysburg
 Confederate forces attack and Union forces
fall back
 Confederates take control of the town
 Lee wants Cemetery Ridge, the high ground
south of the town
Gettysburg
General A.P. Hill
General John Buford
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
 The Second Day
– 90,000 Union forces
– 75,000 Confederate forces
– Lee orders Longstreet to attack Cemetery Ridge
from his position on Seminary Ridge by advancing
up the Emmitsburg Road
– Longstreet goes through the peach orchard and
the wheat field instead
– Little Round Top was left undefended by the
Union
– General Warren orders men from the 5th Corps
division to the Little Round Top
Gettysburg
 The Second Day continues
– Chamberlain and the 20th Maine regiment are
stationed on Little Round Top
– They repulse a brigade of Alabamans repeatedly
– Chamberlain and his men run out of ammunition
and decide to fix bayonets and charge the
Confederates
– The 20th Maine shocks the Confederates who give
up in large numbers
– Chamberlain and the 20th Maine save the Union
flank from being overrun
Gettysburg
 The Third Day
– Lee is optimistic his plan will succeed if he could
break the Union lines
– Lee orders an artillery barrage on the middle of
the Union lines
– Lee orders Longstreet to attack the Union center
– Longstreet grudgingly agrees and send men
including those under General Pickett marching
toward the Union center
– Union artillery starts up again and the
Confederates are repulsed by that and infantry fire
Gettysburg
 The Third Day Continues
– Lee sends his cavalry led by James Ewell Brown
(Jeb) Stuart around the Union right flank
– Lee hopes to surprise the Union
– This does not occur because Stuart’s forces clash
with David Gregg and his men
– Meade doesn’t order a counterattack and the
Confederates retreat
– Casualties
• Union ~ 23,000 killed or wounded
• Confederacy ~ 28,000 killed or wounded
Gettysburg
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg
General James Longstreet
General Robert E. Lee
Siege of Vicksburg
 Ulysses S. Grant continues his campaigns in
the West
 Begins destroying railroad lines and cutting
off supplies
 Grant sends troops south of Vicksburg and
takes the capital, Jackson
 Grant begins a siege of Vicksburg by land
and sea using artillery
 Residents took shelter in caves they dug out
of the side of hills
Siege of Vicksburg
 Food supplies ran low
 On July 3, 1863 the Confederate commander
sent a message to Grant asking for terms
 Vicksburg fell of July 4, 1863
 Five days later Port
Hudson, Louisiana
fell and the
Confederacy was
cut in two
Gettysburg Address
 November 19, 1863
 A ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery
in Gettysburg
 First speaker ~ Edward Everett, noted orator
spoke for 2 hours
 Abraham Lincoln then spoke for 2 minutes
and changed how people thought about the
United States
Gettysburg Address
Edward Everett
Abraham Lincoln
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Address
Confederacy Wears Down
 Gettysburg and Vicksburg defeats cost the South
fighting power
 Low on food, shoes, uniforms, guns, and ammunition
 Looked for a way to continue the war until a ceasefire could be declared and they would be recognized
as an individual country
Confederate Morale
 Morale began to deteriorate as the war
progressed
 Farmers and planters began to resent the fact
that the Confederacy wanted them to plant
food crops instead of cash crops and then
they were taxed for a portion of their crops to
help the Confederacy
 Many soldiers deserted after receiving letters
from home concerning lack of food and
shortage of farm labor
Confederate Morale
 All southern states except South Carolina had
soldiers who had decided to fight for the
North
 Jefferson Davis had a hard time governing
because of internal discord
 Confederate Congress had disagreed
amongst themselves
 Peace movements took place in North
Carolina and Georgia but these movements
failed
Grant and Sherman
 March 1864
– Lincoln appoints U.S. Grant commander of all
Union armies
– Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman
commander of the military division of the
Mississippi
– Both men believed in total war
– Believed it was essential to fight the army, the
government and the civilian population
– Reasoning ~ civilians grew food, made weapons,
and transported goods for the army and the
people’s will kept the war going
Grant and Sherman
Ulysses S. Grant
William T. Sherman
Grant & Lee in Virginia
 Grant’s strategy immobilize Lee’s army and
have Sherman raid Georgia
 Grant’s casualties were twice as high as
Lee’s
 Battle of the Wilderness
– May 1864
– Brutal fighting and forest fires
 Other battles occur at
– Spotsylvania
– Cold Harbor ~ Grant loses over 7,000 men in 1
hour
Grant & Lee in Virginia
 Petersburg
– Under attack from June 1864 until April 1865
 May 4 to June 18, 1864
– Grant loses about 60,000 men
– Lee loses about 32,000 men
– Grant can replace his men, Lee cannot
 Grant was called a butcher because of his
total war policy
 Lincoln did not interfere because Grant had
told him he would not turn back
Grant & Lee in Virginia
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Sherman’s March
 May 1864
– Sherman heads towards Atlanta
– Issues the Scorched Earth Policy
• A wide path of destruction and living off the land
– Mid- November ~ Atlanta burns (industrial area)
– Some historians say Sherman is to blame other
historians believe it was done by John Bell Hood
– Sherman continue his March to the Sea and gives
Lincoln a Christmas present ~ Savannah, Georgia
– Sherman then heads north to assist Grant with
wiping out Lee
Sherman’s March
Sherman’s Neckties
Burning of Atlanta
Capture of Savannah
Election of 1864
 Lincoln faces heavy opposition due to high
casualty rates, recent Union losses and the
length of the war
 Democrats nominate George McClellan
 Radical Republicans nominate John C.
Fremont
 Lincoln supporters drop Republican name
change it to the National Union Party and
choose Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s running
mate
 Lincoln wins a second term
Election of 1864
 Lincoln pessimistic about winning the election
 Needs a victory to help win
 August 5, 1864 ~ Admiral David Farragut
enters Mobile Bay in Alabama and shuts
down the major southern port
 September 2, 1864 ~ Sherman takes Atlanta
 End of September 1864 ~ Fremont withdraws
 October 19, 1864 ~ General Philip Sheridan
chase the Confederates out of the
Shenandoah Valley (Virginia)
Election of 1864
Abraham
Lincoln
George
McClellan
John C.
Fremont
The End is Near
 March 1865 ~ End of the Confederacy is near
 Grant and Sheridan heading towards
Richmond from the west
 Sherman coming in from the south
 April 2nd ~ Lee overcome by Grant’s forces at
Petersburg
 Battle of the Crater occurs ~ Union loss
 Confederate government abandons
Richmond and purposely set it afire
 Flames destroy 90 buildings and damage
hundreds more
Surrender at Appomattox
 Lee and Grant meet to arrange a
Confederate surrender on April 9, 1865 at
Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
 Grant paroles all of Lee’s soldiers and sends
them home with their personal possessions,
horses, and 3 days of rations
 Officers allowed to keep side arms
 By May 1865 all confederate resistance has
faded
 Civil War is declared over on May 26, 1865
Surrender at Appomattox
Surrender at Appomattox
Legacy of the War
 Political Changes
– Federal government assumed supreme national
authority and no state has ever seceded again
– States’ rights has not gone away it has just
changed how it has been viewed
– Civil War greatly increased the federal
government’s power
– Federal government no longer too far away to
reach the people
Legacy of the War
 Economic Changes
– Federal government helped to subsidize
businesses during the Civil War
– National Bank Act of 1863 passed ~ set up a
system of federally chartered banks, set
requirements for loans, and provided for banks to
be inspected
– Northern states economy boomed
– Large scale commercial agriculture boomed by the
end of the war
– Southern states economy devastated
– Slavery taken away and region’s industry wrecked
Legacy of the War
 Economic Changes
– 40% of livestock wiped out
– Southern farm machinery and railroads mostly
destroyed
– Thousands of acres of land uncultivated
– Economic gap between North and South widened
• Pre Civil War ~ South held 30% of nation’s wealth
• Post Civil War ~ South held 12% of nation’s wealth
– Economic disparity would not diminish until the
20th century
Legacy of the War
 Costs of the War
~ Human Costs ~
–
–
–
–
–
Union casualties (deaths) ~ 360,000 men
Confederate casualties (deaths) ~ 260,000 men
Union wounded ~ 275,000 soldiers
Confederate wounded ~ 225,000 soldiers
Total serving during the war ~ 2.4 million out of a
population of 31 million
– Disruption of education, careers, and families
– Almost every American family was affected
Legacy of the War
 Costs of the War
~ Economic Costs ~
– Very extensive
– Union and Confederate governments spent an
estimated cost of $3.3 billion during the 4 years of
war
– 20 years later ~ interest payments and veteran’s
pensions amounted to 2/3 of the federal budget
War Changes Lives
 New Birth of Freedom
– Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in the
rebelling states
– Nothing said about slaves in non-rebelling states
– What would the government do about slavery?
– Only solution ~ constitutional amendment
abolishing slavery
– 13th Amendment passes in 1865 and is ratified by
the end of the year
• “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.”
War Changes Lives
 Civilians Follow New Paths
– War leaders continued their military careers
– Sherman remained in the army and spent most of
his time fighting Native Americans in the West
– Robert E. Lee, lost Arlington which was turned into
a national cemetery by the Secretary of War,
became the president of Washington College in
Lexington, Virginia (now known as Washington
and Lee University)
– Veterans returned to their homes and farms, many
moved to the cities or went west
War Changes Lives
 Civilians Follow New Paths
– Clara Barton, a Union nurse, went to Switzerland
in 1869 to recuperate from the horrors she saw
during the war
– While there, she worked for the
International Committee of
the Red Cross during the
Franco-Prussian War
– In 1881, she returned to
America founded the
American Red Cross
Assassination of Lincoln
 Lincoln wanted to reunify the nation but never
got the chance
 Whatever plans he had were cut short by his
assassination on April 14, 1865
 Lincoln along with his wife, Mary went to
Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. to see
Our American Cousin
 John Wilkes Booth, a 26 year old actor and
southern sympathizer crept into the
unguarded presidential box and shot Lincoln
in the back of the head
Assassination of Lincoln
Assassination of Lincoln
 Booth leapt to the stage but broke his left leg
in the process
 He rose and some say he yelled “Sic Semper
Tyrannis” (Thus always to tyrants), others say
he said “The South is avenged” and then
limped off stage
 He was caught 12 days later in a tobacco
barn in Virginia. The barn was set afire and
after he refused to surrender a shot was fired
Assassination of Lincoln
Assassination of Lincoln
Assassination of Lincoln
 He was dragged out and Booth whispered
“Tell my mother I died for my country. I did
what I thought was best.
 His last words were “Useless, useless.”
 Lincoln died on April 15, 1865 at the Peterson
House at 7:22 am
 This was the first time a president had been
assassinated
 Funeral train took 14 days to go from
Washington, D.C. to Springfield, Illinois
Assassination of Lincoln
Assassination of Lincoln
Assassination of Lincoln
 7 million Americans publically mourned
Lincoln
 Civil War was finished
 Slavery and secession were gone
 The next step would be how to heal a nation
that had been torn apart and how to help
about 4 million newly freed African Americans