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THE CIVIL WAR
(1861 TO 1865)
THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS
 April 12th, 1861 – Confederate troops attacked a federal
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outpost at Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina
Union troops surrendered after 34 hours of cannon blasts
No one was killed, but the Civil War began
*Union = North (blue uniforms)
*Confederacy = South (gray uniforms)
ADVANTAGES
NORTH
SOUTH
 More industry
 Strong military tradition
 Exports to Europe doubled
 Brilliant officers (military
 Larger population
commanders)
 Large farms to supply food for its
troops
 Knowledge of the wilderness,
weaponry, and horseback riding
 Better banking system
 Better network of roads, canals,
and railroads
UNIFORMS (DO NOT COPY)
UNION (NORTH)
CONFEDERACY
(SOUTH)
COTTON DIPLOMACY
 Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, believed that
Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it
needed the South’s raw cotton to supply its booming textile
industry
GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT
 Union general who developed a two-part strategy that took
advantage of Union strengths:
 ONE – destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade
of southern ports
 TWO – gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the
South
UNION AND CONFEDERATE
ARMIES
 Both armies relied on volunteers
 Most soldiers were inexperienced
 Discipline and drill turned raw volunteers into an efficient
fighting machine
 Confederate troops rose up to defend their lands and way
of life
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN
 July 1861 - First major battle of the Civil War
 Confederate victory that shattered the North’s hopes of
winning the war quickly
 Rebel (Confederate) forces led by Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson held firmly in place against advancing Union
troops
GENERAL GEORGE B.
McCLELLAN
 Union general who assembled a highly disciplined force of
100,000 soldiers called the Army of the Potomac
 Hesitated to attack Confederate forces in Virginia in 1862
because he overestimated the size of their army
GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE
 Became commander of Confederate forces in June 1862
 Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point
 He was willing to take risks and make unpredictable moves
to throw Union forces off balance
SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
 August 1862 - Stonewall Jackson’s Confederate forces
crushed Union General John Pope’s army
 Major accomplishment = most of the Union forces were
forced to retreat
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
 September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek in Maryland
 This was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War and in U.S. military
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history
Union suffered 12,000 casualties; Confederates suffered 13,000 casualties
Shifted control of the Civil War from the South to the North; Union gained an
edge over the Confederacy
General McClellan refused to use reserve soldiers at Antietam because he
thought General Lee was gathering reserves for a counterattack
*(Do not copy) – More soldiers were killed and wounded during this battle than
the deaths of all Americans in the American Revolution, War of 1812, and the
Mexican-American War combined
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
(PAINTING)
NAVAL BATTLES
 Union had a large fleet and experienced naval commanders
 North’s industry allowed Union to keep building ships
 Union navy found it difficult to maintain its blockade on southern ports
since it had to patrol thousands of miles of coastline
 Britain provided the South with ironclads – ships heavily armored with
thick metal plating made of iron
 Both sides used ironclads which marked the end of the use of wooden
warships powered by sail and wind
MERRIMACK (CONFEDRACY) VS. MONITOR (UNION)
WAR IN THE WEST
 The goal of the Union army in the West was to gain greater control of
the Mississippi River
 April 1862 – The Battle of Shiloh – gave the Union greater control of
the Mississippi River valley
 General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander
BATTLE OF SHILOH (PAINTING)
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
 President Abraham Lincoln was disappointed in the cautious and
hesitant General George McClellan, so he turned to Grant to lead the
western campaign
 Grant was bold and restless and wanted to be on the offensive
 He was qualified to lead an army since he proved his strength in battle
during the Mexican-American War
ULYSSES S. GRANT (PHOTO)
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
 May 1863 in Vicksburg, Mississippi
 Grant’s troops and Union Admiral David Farragut’s fleet shelled the
Confederate city repeatedly and cut off food supplies
 Significance of the battle = gave Union total control over the
Mississippi River, which was a turning point during the war
 *(Do not copy) – As food ran out in Vicksburg, residents and soldiers
had to eat horses, rats, and dogs. Once the Confederates surrendered,
Grant sent food to the city
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLES IN THE FAR WEST
 The Union halted several attempts by Confederate armies
to control lands west of the Mississippi early in the war
 Many Native Americans joined the Confederacy because
they hoped southern leaders would give them more
independence
 March 1862 – Battle of Pea Ridge (Arkansas) – Union
successfully defended Missouri
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
 September 22, 1862 - This was an order issued by Lincoln that called for all
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Confederate slaves to be freed
Lincoln believed abolition of slavery would help the North win the war
The proclamation stated that African-Americans should have the same rights of
life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that were stated in the Declaration of
Independence
He announced the proclamation after the Union victory at Antietam since the
Union was in a position of strength
Many northern Democrats did not like the proclamation since they feared freed
slaves would take white jobs at lower wages
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
(PAINTING AND TEXT)
AFRICAN AMERICANS
 Many free African-Americans and escaped slaves formed their own
units in the Union army
 If blacks were captured by the Confederacy, they were killed or sold into
slavery
 54th Massachusetts Infantry – African-American unit led a heroic
charge on South Carolina’s Fort Wagner; over half were killed,
wounded, or captured
 In 1864, Lincoln proposed that African-American soldiers should be
given the right to vote
CHARGING FORT WAGNER
(PAINTING)
HABEAS CORPUS
 Copperheads = Americans from the Midwest who sympathized with the
South and opposed abolition; they believed the war was unnecessary
 Lincoln saw the copperheads as a threat, so he silenced them by
suspending the right of habeas corpus
 Habeas corpus = constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment
 Lincoln jailed enemies of the Union without trial
LIFE FOR SOLDIERS AND
CIVILIANS
 Many criticized the Northern draft of 1863 because they felt it favored the rich
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by allowing them to buy their way out of serving
Some Northerners opposed the Civil War because they felt it was too long and
was costing too many lives
Some prisoners of war (POWs) were often held without shelter and given little
food
Northern civilians incapable of fighting took over jobs left vacant by soldiers
Many women provided medical care for soldiers
* (Do not copy) - Clara Barton – founder of the American Red Cross; she
organized the collection of medicine and supplies to deliver to Union soldiers on
the battlefield
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
 November 1862 - Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E.
Burnside for the attack on Fredericksburg, VA because he felt McClellan was
not daring enough
 General Lee forced Burnside’s men to retreat since the Union army was
delayed by crossing the Rappahannock River
 Lincoln then made General Joseph Hooker the commander of the Army of the
Potomac, but he was defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville, VA
 McClellan, Burnside, and Hooker all proved to have poor timing and were not
aggressive enough
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
 July 1863 - Major turning point - key battle in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania that
turned the tide of the war against the Confederacy
 The North gained control of Little Round Top (large hill that would have given
troops an aerial advantage), which gave them a better position than the South
 Lee and his troops retreated and it was the last time that he launched an attack
in the North
 After 3 days, 75,000 Confederate soldiers and 90,000 Union soldiers had fought
during the battle, each side losing around 25,000 men
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
(PAINTING)
LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG
ADDRESS
 November 19, 1863
 Lincoln gave this famous speech at a ceremony of the Gettysburg
battlefield cemetery
 He praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment
to winning the Civil War
 He wanted to remind Americans that the reason the war was being
fought was to preserve liberty, equality, and democracy
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
(PAINTING)
CAPTAIN AMERICA, ABRAHAM
LINCOLN, SPIDER-MAN
GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEH
SHERMAN
 Union general who believed in total war – destroying civilian and
military economic resources
 He destroyed southern railroads, industries, farms, plantations, bridges,
livestock, and freed slaves
 His capture of Atlanta, GA convinced Union voters that the North was
making progress in the war, so Lincoln was reelected
THE SOUTH SURRENDERS AT
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
 April 1865 – Grant had surrounded Lee’s army in Virginia
 Confederate troops were running low on supplies and battle-weary
 April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox
Courthouse, VA; The Civil War was over
 Legacy of the war - Slavery was abolished and all slaves were freed
as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, 620,000 Americans were
killed, southern homes and jobs were destroyed, hostility remained