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Economy of the South • • • • War brought economic ruin Income tax- 1/10 of crops go to government Wild inflation of Confederate dollar Cotton trade collapses (N blockade, Britain buys from Egypt instead) • Low supplies of weapons and food Economy of the North • • • • Bonds issued and income tax established Printing of money lead to inflation Farm production increased during the war Manufacturers made huge profits through profiteering (charging excessive prices for goods such as clothing, shoes, guns) Southern Leaders Thomas “Stonewall” Robert E. Lee Jackson Commander of CA Jefferson Davis -Attended West Point -Secretary of War -Spent much time arguing with his military officers -President of Confederacy Northern Leaders George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant Abraham Lincoln Strong but patient leader Sense of humor Little experience in national politics or military matters President of the Union Strategies for the North (Anaconda Plan) • Blockade Southern ports to halt trade with Europe • Seize Richmond, VA the Confederate capital • Seize the Mississippi River to prevent South from supplying their troops • Once supply lines were seized, wear down the South until they had nothing left Southern Strategies (War of Attrition) • Fight a defensive war until the North tired of fighting • Count on European supplies and money to fight the war (European countries relied on Southern Cotton) Goals of the War Northern Goals: To keep the Union together by forcing the South to rejoin Most did not want equality between blacks and whites Southern Goals Independence from the North To protect their way of life (slavery, states’ rights) Did not want equality between blacks and whites Strengths and Weaknesses of the North • 22 million free citizens • Had to conquer a (many soldiers, huge, unfamiliar area farmers, factory • Did not have the workers) strongest military • 90% of factory leaders production • 70% of the railroad • Strong navy and trade fleet Strengths and Weaknesses of the South • Believed that they were fighting a war for Southern independence (reason to be brave) • Fighting a defensive war • Good leaders • Shooting is a part of Southern life • Few factories to produce weapons • Few railroads to move supplies • Weak central government (difficult to get things done) • Only 9 million people (and 1/3 are slaves) • Small navy and trade fleet MONDAY WARM-UP BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR • COMPLETE QUESTIONS 1-10 OF YOUR MINI-TEST Fort Sumter: April • The fort was under UNION control • The Confederates (Southerners) asked them to surrender • The Union (Northerners) refused • Confederates attacked th 11 , 1861 What do you think carnage mean? Describe what you think getting something amputated during the civil war would be like? Hypothesize what Civil War medicine may have been like…sanitary? How does an infection work to kill you? Who is Clara Barton and how does she change war medicine forever? Battle of Bull Run: July 1861 • First actual battle of the Civil War • People came to have a picnic and watch the soldiers fight • “Stonewall” Jackson earns his nickname • Union is defeated • Confederate troops could have taken Washington, D.C Drawing of the Battle of Bull Run(Manassas) Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Monitor vs. Merrimack: Clash of Iron-clad Ships • March 8th, 1862 • Confederates covered a warship called the “Merrimack” with Iron plates 4 inches thick • The ship took out several Union naval ships Union Makes the Monitor • The Union navy made its own iron-clad ships • The iron-clad ship the “Monitor” took on the Confederate iron-clad ship the “Merrimack” • Neither ship damaged the other, so both withdrew Battle of Antietam • • • • September 17th, 1862 No clear winner 23,000 casualties S withdraws: Leads to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation • Northern General McClellan • Southern General Robert E. Lee Northern General George C. McClellan Photographs taken of killed soldiers after the battle Lincoln Issues the Emancipation nd Proclamation: September 22 , "That on the first day of 1862 January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixtythree, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free” In which states have slaves been freed? In which states have slaves not been freed? Why is this? How did Europe feel about slavery? Why might Lincoln be trying to make the South’s slavery more obvious to them? How does this change the purpose of the war? (Lincoln signing the Emancipation Proclamation) Battle of Gettysburg, PA: June 30th, 1863 • S General Lee is attempting to take Washington, D.C. • N General George Meade meets him at Gettysburg, PA • On the third day, the S charges Union forces who are on higher ground • S fails; this is the TURNING POINT of the war Hill where the Union soldiers held back the Confederate charge Aerial photo of the battle field at Gettysburg The Gettysburg Address: November 19th, 1863 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Copy of the original Address Battle of Vicksburg, May 18th, 1863- July 4th, 1863 • N General Grant attacks in order to get control of the Mississippi River • The Union solders starve out the Confederates and win The table where the Confederates signed their surrender of Vicksburg Picture of the fighting at Vicksburg William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea: Summer and Fall, 1864 • N General Sherman marches through the Southern Shenandoah Valley • He destroys everything in his path (TOTAL WAR) • They burned homes, crops, farms, pulled up railroads, and killed livestock Grant Takes Richmond, VA: April, 1864 • S Army was surrounded and knew they would be slaughtered • Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appotomax Courthouse