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Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865 A "Ninety-Day War" • After Fort Sumter, both sides felt they could quickly defeat the other • Volunteers were plenty with 30,000 marching off to Washington DC in order to train for the Union • Lincoln once again announced that he had no intention of ending slavery; the war would be fought to preserve the Union • He thought a fast and resounding victory would convince the South of the folly of secession • Southerners felt one good defense would keep the North from bothering them anymore • Both sides would be very wrong. One of the few to say it would be a long and devastating war was General William Tecumseh Sherman who was promptly retired as crazy, then brought back. The first battle of armies – Bull Run • Lincoln decided that a small victory near Richmond, Virginia might be all that was needed to demonstrate Northern superiority and lead to a capture of the Confederate capital • On July 21, 1861, Yankee recruits headed off toward Bull Run followed by members of Congress and others who intended to watch the little war • "Stonewall" Jackson (Southern general) earned his nickname here, as the North was soundly defeated General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • The victory worked against the South as many participants, brimming with overconfidence, promptly deserted while the number of enlistments in the Southern army was reduced. Can I get some help please? Abe Lincoln • Later in 1861, the Army of the Potomac (North) was turned over to General George McClellan • McClellan was a master of training and drilling while also greatly loved and admired by those under his command • In actual battle he proved to be quite inept, constantly under the mistaken belief that the enemy outnumbered him or perhaps he was just afraid • Lincoln was constantly agitated by his generals until the last year of the war. Union General George McClellan The second major skirmish • Finally, Lincoln ordered McClellan to attack (actually he jokingly asked if he could borrow it if the General wasn’t going to use it) • In the spring of 1862 he sailed his troops through the Chesapeake Bay landing on a peninsula between the James and York rivers just southeast of Richmond • The troops worked their way to the very edges of Richmond during the Peninsula Campaign • But they were turned away by Robert E. Lee, who had decided to remain loyal to his state, in the Seven Days' Battles. The first modern war • The American Civil War represented many firsts including: • a new, much more accurate rifle • the Gatling gun (a primitive machine-gun) • and "ironclads" (battleships plated with iron) • The South raised an old wooden U.S. warship, the Merrimack, gave it ten guns and plated the sides with iron railroad rails. • When Lincoln learned of this he immediately ordered work on a version for the Union. Battle of Ironclads • On March 8, 1862, the Merrimack sank two Union ships and grounded a third in the waters off of Virginia • The next morning the Monitor arrived armed with just two guns that were mounted on a revolving turret • The two ships exchanged fire at close range for four hours doing little damage • The Merrimack was later destroyed by its' own Confederate soldiers who feared it would fall into Union hands • England and France were horrified, as suddenly their tremendous wooden navies were rendered obsolete. The turret topped Monitor rams the Merrimack while both ironclads fire. The Pivotal Point: Antietam • After success in the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee decided to strike inside Northern territory • He ventured into Maryland hoping to gain support from both the Border state and Europe • Lincoln had reluctantly put George McClellan back in command of the Army of the Potomac • One of the key developments that enabled McClellan to stop Lee at Antietam was the fact that Union soldiers had discovered a dropped copy of Lee's plan • *not in text - Most historians argue that McClellan failed to take full advantage of his knowledge • Militarily the battle was a draw. Lincoln (top hat) with McClellan (third from left) shortly after the conclusion of Antietam. Lincoln thought McClellan would now chase Lee and his injured army. Outcomes of Antietam 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) • • • • • The border-states remain with the North England and France do NOT intervene as had been expected though the Union suffered higher numbers of dead and wounded, Lee lost approximately 25% of his army Lincoln had the victory he needed to announce his proclamation McClellan is removed from his field command once and for all….. WHAT? Shortly after the conclusion of the battle, Lincoln visited the site to survey the damage and speak to McClellan Lincoln returned to Washington believing that the Army of the Potomac would follow and attack Lee's retreating army and end the war As soon as he got back to his office Lincoln received a telegram from McClellan explaining he would need 100,000 more soldiers plus supplies if he was going to chase down Lee Lincoln could not find a general willing to fight. The Emancipation Proclamation • More hype than substance - On September 23, 1862, Lincoln announced that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves "in areas of active rebellion" (not the border states of the Union) are forever free • All-Black units began to fight for the Union as the North now had a moral stake in the war. Lincoln’s Cabinet asked him to wait for a Union victory War in the West • For the most part things had gone better for the Union in the west • David Farragut seized control of New Orleans in the spring of 1862 • General Ulysses S. Grant led victories in Tennessee and Mississippi with one loss at Shilo • Now all that was needed was to take the fortress at Vicksburg and the North would control the Mississippi River. Victory came on July 4, 1863 and with it Northern trade was reopened helping to silence those pushing for peace in the North • Grant returned to Tennessee clearing out all of the Confederates and opening the door to Georgia for William Tecumseh Sherman. Grant would have done it himself but he was called to the east to serve as the new general-inchief. Union General Ulysses S. Grant in the field. He was known to drink more than he should but presumed he developed his habit sending so many men to death. Gettysburg • The sleepy Pennsylvania town proved to be the South's last opportunity in a number of ways • After surprising successful defenses in the Virginia towns of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Robert E. Lee decided to try another attack on the Union • While Grant was bombing Vicksburg, Lee launched an offensive on Northern troops under the command of General George Meade at Gettysburg • From July 1-3, 1863, furious fighting was capped by the Southern mistake of Pickett's Charge. Lee took full responsibility for the loss, apologizing to retreating troops and offering his resignation to Jefferson Davis • Coupled with the loss at Vicksburg, the South now lost all hope of European recognition and assistance • About 27,000 confederates were killed, ⅓ of the troops under Lee's command. Meade failed to follow the retreating South probably because he had only been in charge for six days and 23,000 of his men were dead, wounded, or missing. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address • In September, Lincoln visited the site in order to dedicate a cemetery. • He followed the 2-hour speech of another orator with a 269-word address that received little applause from the stunned audience • Even the photographer only managed to get a shot of the president sitting back down in his chair. It has since become known as the Gettysburg Address. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live It is altogether fitting and proper that …. Sherman’s March • In 1864, General Sherman set out to smash the South to pieces • Using the unorthodox strategy of abandoning his supply lines and living off the land, Sherman and his 60,000 soldiers first swept through Georgia • They tore up and melted railroads, burned entire cities to the ground including Atlanta, and ate very well • He next turned his attention to South Carolina where the destruction was even more vicious because the state had been the first to secede • His success allowed Lincoln to announce that the end of the war was near. The Election of 1864 • Hardly a given, Lincoln needed Sherman's successes to help push him past ….George McClellan • Lincoln (Union Party) 212 – 2,206,938 McClellan (Democrat) 21 – 1,803,787 • McClellan won the states of Kentucky, Delaware, and New Jersey • The seceding states were not allowed to vote • To help ensure victory for Lincoln, absentee ballots were sent to troops stationed in the South. The Election of 1864 • For this one election the Republican name was temporarily abandoned • The Union Party was made up of Republicans and War Democrats who supported Lincoln • Peace Democrats did not support Lincoln and voted for McClellan • Copperheads were against Lincoln, the draft, emancipation, and openly obstructed the war effort. Died of a theory Jefferson Davis • Shortly after the election a Union victory seemed only a matter of time • Unlike past generals, Grant chased Lee despite heavy casualties. Richmond fell and Lee finally surrendered to Grant at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Confederate General Robert E. Lee Appomattox Courthouse Good Friday • April 14, 1865 - Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater • It was part of a larger conspiracy to kill Lincoln, Grant (who was supposed to be at the theater with Lincoln), VP Andrew Johnson, and William Seward. • Seward was severely stabbed while lying in bed recovering from a cart accident but fought off his attacker and survived • The man assigned to Johnson lost his nerve • Booth was hunted down and died in a shootout at a farm in Virginia on April 26th • Many were arrested and four were tried and executed as part of the conspiracy • As time wore on, increasing numbers of Southerners perceived that Lincoln's death was a calamity for them for he had given indications of a “soft-on-theSouth” policy. After his death the Radical Republicans will spend the next 12 years punishing the South. John Wilkes Booth Inside Ford’s Theater