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Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 8:
The Civil War, A
Nation in Conflict
Study Presentation
Georgia
and the American Experience
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The
The
Life
Life
Road to War
War on the Battlefield
for the Civil War Soldier
During the Civil War
Section 1: The Road to War
• Essential Question
– What strategies were selected to win
the Civil War?
Section 1: The Road to War
• What words do I need to know?
– conscription
– blockade
– blockade runner
– King Cotton Diplomacy
– strategy
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
The North Initiates
the Draft, 1863:
Conscription:
“A rich man’s war,
but a poor man’s
fight.”
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker George
McClellan,
Ulysses S.
Grant
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall”
Jackson
George
Pickett
Nathan
Bedford
Forrest
Robert E. Lee
The War Begins
• April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T.
Beauregard leads bombardment of Fort
Sumter, in Charleston Harbor
• Federal troops and laborers inside Fort
Sumter surrender on April 13
• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia secede from the Union
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for
75,000 troops to put down the rebellion
and protect Washington
Assembling Armies
• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but
later men were conscripted (drafted to
serve in the armies)
• Some men received bounties (money)
to sign up; some signed up, received
the bounty, then deserted
• Poorer men sometimes accepted
money to fight in place of wealthier men
who didn’t want to serve
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Resources, North and
South
• North had more people from which to create
and resupply armies
• North had more factories, better railroad
system, the most number of males in the
region, and most of the nation’s wealth
• South had more experienced military leaders,
and were highly motivated to defend their
familiar homeland to win independence
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Blockade Strategy
• Union blockaded all Southern ports to prevent cotton exports
and imports of weaponry from Great Britain and France
• Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past
Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war
• The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships)
Other Wartime Strategies
• “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze
Confederacy to death by capturing the
Mississippi River and cutting off
Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas
• Capturing Richmond, the capital, might
have ended the war early, but General
Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army
prevented that for years
Overview
of the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Late War Strategy
• Destroy Confederate armies on the
battlefield
• Lay waste to the Southern land, so that
civilians would call for an end to the war
• General William T. Sherman’s “March
to the Sea” through Georgia was
successful in the “lay waste to land”
strategy
Southern Strategies
• Wear down the Union armies, which would
hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war
• Use swift raiders to help break the Union
blockade
• King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop
exports to England and France to inspire those
nations to help break the Union blockade;
France and England instead starting importing
Egyptian cotton
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What were the major battles that took
place in Georgia?
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• What words do I need to know?
– Chickamauga
– Atlanta Campaign
– Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Fort Pulaski-April 1862
Battle of Antietam
• fought on September 17, 1862, near
Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam
Creek,
• It was the first major battle in the American
Civil War to take place on Northern soil
• It was the bloodiest single-day battle in
American history, with about 26,000
casualties.
• Union Victory and the Confederates retreat
to Virginia
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
Freeing the Slaves
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation on September 22, 1862
• Document gave the Southern Confederacy a
choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or
keep fighting and slaves would be forever
free
• Deadline was January 1, 1863
• The Confederate leaders continued the war
and the slaves were declared free by the
United States government in 1863
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
Robert G. Shaw
Robert G. Shaw
African-Americans in Civil War Battles
Battle of Gettysburg
Generals
Union
Confederate
George Meade
Robert E. Lee
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Battle of Gettysburg
“Turning Point”
• fought in and around the town of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,
• The largest number of casualties in the
American Civil War on BOTH sides
• Is frequently cited as the war's turning
point.
• Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade
defeated attacks by Confederate Gen.
Robert E. Lee, ending Lee's invasion of
the North.
Gettysburg Casualties
Union
Battle of
Chickamauga
William S. Rosecrans
Confederate
Braxton Bragg
The Battle of Chickamauga
• September 1863
• Seven miles south of Chattanooga,
Tennessee
• Chattanooga was major railroad center
• Union troops were driven back to
Chattanooga; Confederates did not
follow-up on their victory
• TWO most important reasons for this
battle:
1. Largest Union defeat in western theater
of CW
2. Due to South’s victory, General Bragg
focused on recapturing Chattanooga
• Union reinforcements later recaptured
Chattanooga
The Atlanta Campaign
• Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s
Union Army fought series of battles against
Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army
• Confederates continued to retreat further
southward into Georgia
• June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at
Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but
continued toward Atlanta
• July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston,
battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in
Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege
• Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to
fight, but that didn’t work
• Fighting continued during July and August
1864
• Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the
city on September 1
• Sherman burns the city in mid-November
then begins his march toward Savannah and
the sea
The March to the Sea
• Sherman’s Union army destroys everything
in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to
Savannah
• A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed,
and ruined during a two-month period
• Estimated losses exceeded $100 million
• Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in
December 1864
• Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of
cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North
Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Georgia, 1864
The Civil War Ends
• January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North
Carolina captured;the last Confederate
blockade-running port
• General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia
cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at
Petersburg; he surrenders his army at
Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees
and is eventually captured in Irwinville,
Georgia
The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865
Surrender at Appomattox: April 9, 1865
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other
Wars
Inflation in the South
Jefferson Davis is
captured…
Confederate
Civil War Prisons
• One of the Confederate prisons for Union soldiers
was in Andersonville, Georgia.
• Prisoners were only given shelter that they could
piece together themselves and there was not
enough food, water, and medical supplies.
• During its operation, almost 13,000 Union
prisoners died.
• Prison commander Captain Henry Wirz was
executed for “excessive cruelty” in 1865.
Union
Civil War Prisons
• The harsh prison conditions were not
only found in the South.
• A Union prison for Confederate
soldiers was in Elmira, New York.
• One-fourth of the 12, 123
Confederate prisoners died there.
• Many prisoners faced malnutrition,
exposure to cold, and poor medical
conditions.