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The Civil War Immediate Causes • The Election of 1860 – The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln – The Democrats were split based on platform. • What is a political platform? – Northern Democrats – Popular Sovereignty rules – Southern Democrats – Defend Slavery Immediate Causes • The Election of 1860 –The Democrats fought for weeks. • They decide to run two candidates. –North – Stephen Douglas –South John Breckenridge • There is also a third party candidate. –Constitutional Union Party – Preserve the Union »John Bell Bell Douglas VS. Breckenridge Lincoln Immediate Causes • Election of 1860 – Much like in 1856, The election really is two races. • Douglas v. Lincoln in the North • Breckenridge v. Bell in the South – Douglas and Bell split the middle states while Lincoln carried all of the North and Breckenridge all of the South. Immediate Causes • The Election of 1860 –Because the North had a greater population Lincoln won the election. –Lincoln promised not to abolish slavery but the South could not trust him. • Republican victory was viewed as a threat to the Southern way of life. Immediate Causes • Secession –Prior to Lincoln’s election many states had warned about secession • Reason – States Rights –They had voluntarily joined the Union and therefore could voluntarily leave Immediate Causes • Secession –December 20, 1860 • South Carolina made good on the threat of secession • Over the next six weeks Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had followed suit. Immediate Causes • Secession – Confederate States of America • All of the seceded states met in February of 1861. • Jefferson Davis was elected President • Drafted a constitution – Based on US Constitution » Upheld states’ rights » Upheld slavery • Viewed in the North as unconstitutional Immediate Causes • Firing on Fort Sumter Immediate Causes • Firing on Fort Sumter – April 12, 1861 – When the Southern States Seceded they took over many of the forts within their borders – Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina was still a Union controlled fort. – Lincoln’s Dilemma • Supply the Fort war is certain • Abandon the Fort and you give control of it to the Confederacy. Immediate Causes • Fort Sumter – Lincoln’s Choice – Supply the Fort – Confederacy’s Reaction – Attack before supplies arrive – The confederacy fired on the fort for 34 hours the U.S. surrendered and the civil war had begun. Choosing Sides • Border States – Slave states that bordered states in which slavery was illegal – States on the North-South Border needed to choose sides • Union – Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, and West Virginia is created when some western counties of Virginia broke away and remained loyal to the Union. – Union – 24 States Confederacy – 11 States Strengths and Weaknesses • Union – Population Advantage – About 16.5 million more people – 85% of the Nations factories were within Northern borders – 2X the railroad mileage – Also had almost all of the naval power and shipyards – President Lincoln – Incredible Leader Strengths and Weaknesses • Confederacy – Able Generals – Robert E. Lee – Fighting a defensive war • Make the Union come to the Confederacy. • Soldiers defending their homes have more will to fight then invaders do. • Union Strategies – Anaconda Plan • Smother the Southern economy like a snake squeezing its prey. • Blockade – prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area • Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two. • Problem – Take time to work Changes in Technology • Rifles and Minie Balls – Rifles – gun with a grooved barrel that causes the bullet to spin through the air • More distance and accuracy – Minie Balls – a bullet with a hollow base. It expanded upon firing to fit the grooves in the barrel. • Shot further and were more accurate. Changes in Technology • Ironclads –Ships covered in iron. • Confederate Merrimack (Virginia) and Union Monitor –Fought for 4 hours to a draw off the coast of Virginia in 1862 Major Battles • First Battle of Bull Run – July 21, 1861 – Plan • Needed to capture Manassa, Virginia, a major railroad center near Washington D.C., in order to take Richmond Major Battles • Bull Run – Battle • Bull Run is a creek near Manassas • Union assaulted a outnumbered confederate army • The confederates with stood the assault long enough for reinforcements to arrive. Major Battles • Bull Run – Battle • The confederates led a counter charge and as they approached the union lines let out a scream. – Union troops panicked and broke ranks. • Confederates got the victory. Major Battles • Bull Run – Results • The Union was shocked. – Lincoln recalls the militia. – Calls for 500,000 real army troops to volunteer for 3 years. Major Battles • Bull Run – Interesting Facts • Confederate General Thomas Jackson receives his famous nickname. – Stonewall » What do you think this shows about Jackson’s character. Major Battles • Battle of Antietam – By 1862 Lee had begun to invade the North • Maryland – He drew up a plan for the Northern Invasion • He left it with another officer • The officer left it behind in camp • The Union took over the abandoned camp and stumbled upon the plans • General George McClellan now knew Lee’s every move • Antietam Major Battles – September 17, 1862 • McClellan Attacked but moved slowly – This was his greatest short coming • The two sides fought all day and by nightfall no one had gained any ground. – 25,000 dead or wounded – Bloodiest day in American history • Lee lost most of his army and retreated to Virginia • McClellan did not follow and lost an opportunity to finish of the Confederates Major Battles • Antietam – Results • Lincoln was so fed up with McClellan’s inability that he fired him by November. Major Battles • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Grant was named Commander of the Union forces in 1864 – His Plan • He would Pursue Lee in Virginia • General William Sherman would push through the deep south to Atlanta and the Atlantic coast. Major Battles • Sherman’s March – Sherman swept from Tennessee to Atlanta in September of 1864 – Now moved on to the Atlantic – Destroyed an area of Georgia 60 miles wide and 300 miles long Major Battles • Sherman’s March – Total War • War against enemy troops and anyone/thing that supports the enemy. – Tore up rail lines – Destroyed crops – Burned and looted • December took Savannah, Georgia and everything in it. Major Battles • Sherman’s March – Results • Turned Lincoln’s reelection bid around • People sensed victory The Emancipation Proclamation • Issued January 1, 1863 – Intended to free slaves in the South • Actually freed very few – Union troops had to enforce the order and some slaves lived in areas Union troops did not occupy. – Very important symbolically » Gave the war a purpose – A War of Liberation – Why did Lincoln only free southern slaves? » Constitution did not give him the power to abolish slavery » His role as commander in chief did – He was able to free southern slaves as an act of war. African Americans and Women in the War • African Americans – Following the Emancipation Proclamation African Americans flooded into the Army. • By the end of the war 180,000 had joined the Union army. – They were formed in all black regiments. • Led by white officers – Given the worst jobs – Paid Less • Many regiments banded together and fought for no pay rather than receive less than the white soldier. African Americans and Women in the War • 54th Massachusetts Regiment – One of the first African American Regiments organized in the North. • Fought for no pay. • Led an attack on Fort Wagner – South Carolina – Fought with such bravery that they became a household name and African American enlistment increased. African Americans and Women in the War • Women – Took on increased roles • Plowed fields • Ran farms • Took over office and factory jobs • Served as Nurses and volunteer workers for the Union Army – Wash clothes, gather supplies, cook Clara Barton • Organized a relief agency to aid in the war effort. – Led to the start of the American Red Cross Dorothea Dix • Lead the nursing effort for the Union Army – By the end of the war she had nearly 3,000 nurses serving in Union hospitals Turning Points • Battle Of Gettysburg – July 1, 1863 – Lee and his army crossed into Pennsylvania because they had heard the city had a supply of shoes. • They Ran into the Union Army under the leadership of General George Meade – 90,000 Union troops – 75,000 Confederate Troops Turning Points • Gettysburg – The Battle • Lasted three days • The air seemed full of bullets – “The bullets were whizzing so thick that it looked like a man could hold out a hat and catch it full.” – For 2 days they fought to a stalemate • Turning Points Gettysburg – The Battle • Lee’s mistake – The turning point came on July 3rd – Lee ordered General George Pickett to attack the middle of the Union Line » 13,000 troops attacked under heavy gun fire and were torn to pieces » Came to be Known as Pickett’s Charge – Lee retreated to Virginia and again the Union failed to finish his army off. – Casualties » Union – 23,000 » Confederates – 28,000 (Over 1/3 of Lee’s Army) Turning Points • Battle of Vicksburg –July 4, 1863 in Mississippi –Last major confederate stronghold along the Mississippi River. –Began in May • Direct attempts to take the city had failed. Turning Points • Vicksburg – The Plan • Surround the city and cut it off. – Eventually the confederates ran out of food » Out of desperation they ate mules, dogs, and rats. – After nearly a month and a half they finally surrendered. • The Union win gave them control of the Mississippi. Surrender • Grant continued to pursue Lee and hand him after defeat. –Lee realized that the situation was hopeless and sent word to Grant that he was ready to surrender Surrender • Appomattox Court House – On April 9, 1865 Grant and Lee met to discuss surrender. – Grant was very generous in the terms. • Fed hungry soldiers • Allowed them to return home peacefully • Took their private possessions and horses with them. Life During The War • Disagreements on Both Sides – People in both the North and the South grew tired of the war. • South – Riots – Soldiers left the army – Confederate states could not agree • North – Copperheads » Northern democrats who favored peace. – Protesters were arrested – Habeas Corpus was suspended » Allowed citizen’s to be held without trial. Life During the War • Conscription – Draft Laws • Both Sides passed them • South – 1862 – All able-bodied white males between the ages of 18 and 45. – Exceptions » Planters who owned 20 or more slaves. » Wealthy men could hire substitutes ( going rate $6,000) » “Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight” Life During the War • Conscription – North • 1863 – All able bodied-men ages 18-35 • Exceptions – Those who hired substitutes – Those who volunteered » $300 bounty – Cash payment for men who volunteered Life During the War • Economics –South • Food Shortages • Inflation –An increase in price and decrease in the value of money Life During the War • North – Some inflation – Positives • War production boosted the economy. • Enacted an income tax – Tax on wages • Printed a new paper currency – Greenbacks – Ensured that people had money to spend Outcomes • There were bad feelings between the North and the South – Lincoln aimed to heal these wounds • The terms of surrender were a start. • Nearly 620,000 soldiers died and another 535,000 were wounded. • 3,000,000 men served – about 10% of the population Outcomes • There was also a strain on the economy. – Together the north and south spent more then 5x the amount that the government had spent in the previous 8 decades – Years after the fighting was over the government was still paying interest on loans taken during the war.