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The Civil War Home Front Hardships p. 354 - 358 War changes the economy The war brought economic change. Farmers were encouraged to plant more corn and wheat for the war effort. Texas opened small factories in Austin and Tyler to manufacture cannons and ammunition. Other factories made much needed items such as wagons, ambulances, blankets, shoes, tents, cloth, and saddles. Shortages Make Life Difficult The Union blockade of Confederate ports stopped many goods from reaching the South. Clothes, manufactured in the North, disappeared from the stores. Getting coffee and tea was nearly impossible. Texans used substitutes for tea; one recipe was made of peanuts, okra, barley, corn and sweet potatoes. Salt, baking soda, and paper were also Shortages Make Life Difficult Civilians often had to do without medicines and hospital supplies because they were needed on the battlefield. Quinine, an imported drug for fighting malaria and other fevers, could not be obtained. The shortages of all items became worse as large numbers of refugees fleeing the Union armies came to Texas. The Civil War Ends For four years the armies of the South fought against great odds. The North had more soldiers, more money and more factories making war materials. On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Within weeks Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured, and the remaining armies in the South surrendered. The Civil War Ends The last battle of the Civil War took place on May 13, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville. Confederate forces led by John S. Ford defeated a Union force trying to invade the mainland from Brazos Island. The Texas troops had not yet received word of the war’s end. The end of the war marked a turning point for Americans. They faced the task of rebuilding the nation. The Civil War Ends More than 600,000 Northerners and Southerners died. This number almost equals the number killed in all other American wars combined. The North’s victory meant the Union had been preserved. It also brought the end of slavery. During the war President Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing enslaved people in the Confederate States. The Civil War Ends Lincoln did not live to see all the slaves freed. The Thirteenth Amendment – which abolished slavery – was not ratified until late 1865, after President Lincolns assassination. He was shot and killed 5 days after Lee’s surrendered by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who believed he was helping the Confederate cause. As Southern armies surrendered, the state government collapsed. The Civil War Ends For some weeks Texas had no state government. Lawless armed bands roamed the countryside. Order was restored only after President Andrew Johnson appointed Andrew Jackson Hamilton provisional governor in June 1865. Now Texans faced the task of rejoining the Union.