Download Texas and the Civil War

Texans Go
to War
Unit 6:
Chapter 15
Sections 2-3
In its declaration of secession, Texas stated that it
intended to go to war to preserve a southern way of life
that made racial distinctions, in part, by maintaining
blacks in a condition of servitude.
Civil War Begins
• The Civil War begins on April 1861 at
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor,
South Carolina
• Confederate forces fire on a Union fort
in the harbor and war begins
• Beauregard vs. Anderson – Friends yet
enemies. Beauregard led the
Confederate troops and Anderson led
the Union troops.
Many Texans Become Soldiers
• Thousands of Texans like other Southerners
joined the Confederate army immediately.
• In April 1862, the Confederate Congress
passed the Conscription Act which required
men of a certain age to serve in the
Confederate military
• German Americans and many other
European immigrants to Texas objected to
fighting against the Union.
The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate
army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood.
Most Texans Support the South
• After the war began, most Texans who
previously had been against secession
now supported the Confederacy.
• James W. Throckmorton, who had
voted against secession, realized that
he could not fight against Texas.
• About 60,000 Texans joined the armed
forces of the Confederacy.
5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K
Some Texans Aid the Union
• About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including
50 African-Americans, took up arms for
the Union. Mexican-Americans served
on both sides of the war.
• Many Texas Unionists who did not want
to fight on either side left Texas.
Major Battles of the Civil War
Study the charts that follow
and decide:
What were the Union
Advantages?
What were the Confederate
Advantages?
Rating the North & South - Population
Railroad Lines in 1860
Industries & Workers: North & South
Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil War
Union “Anaconda” Plan
• 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia
– Capital of Confederacy
• 2. Blockade Southern ports
– Prevent trade with other countries
• 3. Capture the Mississippi River
– Cut Confederacy in half
– Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and
Texas
Strategies
• Union strategy to conquer South was called
the Anaconda Plan.
• Confederate strategy to win the Union:
1) defend the Confederate states
2) invade Northern states if opportunity arises
Anaconda
Plan
Texas-Mexico Trade Routes
Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because
the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through
Mexico by way of Texas.
Ft Sumter
• April 12, 1861
• Charleston Harbor – Charleston, S.C.
• Union surrendered the fort
Significance of Ft. Sumter
• Led to the secession of Virginia (VA),
Arkansas (AR), Tennessee (TN), and
North Carolina (NC)
• First military action of the war
• This is the start of the Civil War!
First Battle of Bull Run
• July 21, 1861
• Manassas, Virginia (also called “1st
Manassas”)
– 30 miles from Washington, D.C.
• Confederates won the battle, but failed
to force the Union army to retreat.
• 4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)
Significance of Bull Run
• First major battle of the war
• Confederate victory and a major morale
boost for the South.
• It showed both sides that the War
would not go exactly as expectedpeople thought the war would be over
in a few days—it would last 4 years.
Battle of Shiloh
• April 6-7, 1862
• Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
– near Shiloh Church
• Confederate army drove Union back on
the first day, but the Union won the
battle the second day.
• 24,000 K/W/C
Significance of Shiloh
• Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston
killed.
– Considered one of South’s best Generals
– His death was a severe blow to
Confederate Army
– Fought at Battle of San Jacinto
• Showed Americans that this would be a
long and bloody war.
• It also showed the determination and
skill of Ulysses S. Grant.
Battle of Antietam
• September 17, 1862
• Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
• Bloodiest single day battle in American
History!
• Battle is a Standoff and no side wins
• 28,000 killed (more WC)
Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1 - 3, 1863
• Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• General R.E. Lee led Confederate
forces into the North. The Union army
defeated the confederates in a costly 3
day battle
• 46,000 K/W/C
• Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War!
Significance of Gettysburg
• Turning point of the war
• Confederate invasion of the North
failed. It was a HUGE morale defeat for
the South.
• Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg
the next day, the South was never able
to recover.
Vicksburg
• May 18 - July 4, 1863
• Vicksburg, Mississippi
– on Mississippi River
• Confederates surrender after 47 day
Union siege of the city.
• 36,000 K/W/C
Significance of Vicksburg
• Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the
Union army, took control of the
Mississippi River.
• Split the confederacy in half and cut off
important trade routes through New
Orleans and Texas.
Texans on the Attack
• The Confederacy’s first objective was
to overtake Union garrisons and
supplies.
• Texas launched a preventive strike on
Union Forces in New Mexico.
• The New Mexico Campaign failed and
was abandoned in July 1862.
Battle of Galveston
• Union ships blockade Texas ports.
• Cotton was transported through Mexico
and sent to Europe in exchange for war
supplies.
• In October 1862 Union forces attacked
and captured Galveston.
• Texas Confederate forces retook
Galveston in January 1863.
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
•
•
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President
Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
Terms of the Proclamation:
1) Frees slaves in the Confederate states
2) Does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states
where slavery is permitted in the Union – (border states of Missouri
and Kentucky)
3) Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy
The Proclamation brings mixed reactions….
Emancipation in 1863
Some Reactions:
• gives war a higher moral purpose
• Free blacks can now join Union army and fight
against slavery
• Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the
South and prolong the war
• Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to fight
to keep slavery
• No chance of compromise now-one side must WIN
and the other side must LOSE!
Texans Defend Sabine Pass
• Confederate soldiers defeated Union
forces at Sabine Pass.
• Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played
a major role by capturing 350 soldiers and
two boats.
• The Battle of Sabine Pass was an
important Confederate victory, foiling the
Union’s major campaign against Texas.
"There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of
Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds
against which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis
The Battle of
Sabine Pass
September 8, 1863
In the fall of 1863, Confederate
forces under the command of
Lt. Richard Dowling turned back
a much larger Union invasion
force at the battle of Sabine
Pass.
Forces Battle over Brownsville
• Hoping to cut off the overland supply
line, the Union focused on
Brownsville.
• In November 1863 Confederate
troops drove back a Union attack on
Brownsville.
Red River and Beyond
• Union forces captured New Orleans.
With 25,000 troops, the Union forces
moved toward East Texas.
• A smaller Confederate army led by
Thomas “Tom” Green, met Union
forces 25 miles from the Texas border
in one of the bloodiest campaigns.
Red River and Beyond
• Hood’s Texas Brigade and Terry’s Texas
Rangers served bravely
• Terry’s Texas Rangers served in more
battles than any other cavalry regiment in
the Civil War.
• General Robert E. Lee called Hood’s men
his “finest soldiers.”
1864: Life During Wartime
• The Civil War brings about dramatic social and
economic changes in American society including:
1) African Americans join the Union army to fight
2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army
lines
3) On plantations: some destroy property, others
refuse to leave
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
War Affects Regional Economies
• FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
– Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of
slaves
– Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade
with enemy
• ECONOMY BOOM in the North
– Industries that supply army boom
– Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard of living
drops
– Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs
– Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war
Inflation in the South
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea)
than were killed in battle
• Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions
(epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day,
bathe 1/week
• 75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often
used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)
- fingers the most amputated body part
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
The Civil War ENDS
• The Election of 1864
1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term
• IT’S OVER! The Surrender at Appomattox
1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s
government flee Richmond and burn it to the ground
2) Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at the
Appomattox Courthouse
- Confederate soldiers pardoned on generous
terms by Grant
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
After the War ended, Lee
dedicated his home [above] in
Arlington, Virginia for a military
burial grounds – today known as
the Arlington National Cemetery
Battle of Palmito Ranch
• The final battle of the Civil War took
place on May 12, 1865, at Palmito
Ranch, near Brownsville.
• Confederate soldiers did not know that
the war was over.
• Texans learned from their prisoners that
Lee had surrendered a month earlier.
The War Changes Lives
• New Birth of Freedom
1) 1865: 13th Amendment abolishes slavery
in all states
• Some Follow New Paths
1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are
civilians, many go west
The War Changes our Future
• Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
1) April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
2) Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is later trapped
by Union cavalry and shot
3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral
train
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
Now He Belongs to the Ages!