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Part II:
Texas and the End
TEXAS IN THE CIVIL WAR…
and also
Mansfield, LA
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Soldiers on Both Sides
• Before the Civil War began, more than onefourth of all Texans were against secession
• After the fighting began, most people supported
the Confederacy
• More than 60,000 Texans joined the Confederate
army
• More than 2,000 Texas Unionists joined the Union
army
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Soldiers on Both Sides
• Some Texans, rather than fight
in either army, left Texas
• Many were captured and/or
killed
• Many Unionists were captured
and/or killed
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Fighting for Galveston
• The Union blockaded the Southern coastline to keep
the Confederacy from shipping cotton out
• To get around the blockade, the South sent cotton
overland to Mexico and out to Europe
• In October 1862, the Union captured Galveston, the
state’s busiest seaport
• The South attacked it again in 1863 and regained
the port
• Galveston served as an important launching point
for blockade runners slipping past Union ships
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Texans Defend Sabine Pass
• Late in 1863, the Union tried to invade
Texas by landing near Sabine Pass and
marching overland to capture Beaumont
and Houston
• Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards were
stationed at Fort Griffin, right on the Sabine
River near the pass
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Texans Defend Sabine Pass
• When the Union boats tried to
sail past Fort Griffin, the
Confederates opened fire
• The Davis Guards took 350
Union prisoners and 2 Union
boats
• The Union plans to launch a
major campaign against
Texas were dashed
• President Jefferson Davis
praised the courage of the
Davis Guards and awarded
them medals
Actual medals rewarded
by President Davis!!!
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Red River and Beyond
• Early in the war, the Union captured New Orleans
• From there, they launched an invasion up the
Red River into Texas in the spring of 1864
• Confederate leaders sent an army commanded
by Richard Taylor to stop them
• The two forces met near Mansfield, Louisiana
• The smaller Confederate force routed the Union
force
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Famous Texas Soldiers
• Hood’s Texas Brigade and
Terry’s Texas Rangers were
among the better known
Texas units that served east
of the Mississippi River
• Robert E. Lee called Hood’s
men his “finest soldiers”
• Terry’s Texas Rangers
fought in more battles
than any other cavalry
regiment in the Civil War
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
HOME FRONT HARDSHIPS…
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
War Changes Women’s Roles
• There were few battles in Texas
• Life on plantations didn’t change, except there
were no men around to work the crops or tend
the livestock
• Four out of five men were away from home
• Women and children did the work they left
behind
• Women also served as nurses during the Civil
War
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
War Changes the Economy
Uniforms like this one
(a Confederate
officer’s uniform)
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Shortages Make Life Difficult
• Supplies were scarce in the South because of the
Union blockade
• Soldiers were forced to wear homemade clothes
• Coffee and tea were almost impossible to get, so
substitutes were used (like sweet potatoes, okra,
peanuts, and corn… )
• Newspapers went out of business because they didn’t
have paper
• The few medicines the South did have went to the
front lines
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
THE END OF THE WAR…
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
Lincoln’s Second Inauguration
• Lincoln was elected a
second time in 1864 as
president of the United
States
• Again he gave an inaugural
address in 1865
• The war had been going
for almost four years and
would ultimately cost over
600,000 lives
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
He painted a bleak picture of the war –
“Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—
that this mighty scourge of war may speedily
pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until
all the wealth piled by the bond-men’s two
hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall
be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn
with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn by
the sword, as was said three thousand years ago,
so still it must be said “the judgments of the
Lord, are true and righteous altogether.”
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
In his closing, he set out his plan for
rebuilding the Union…
“With malice toward none; with charity for
all; with firmness in the right, as God gives
us to see the right, let us strive on to finish
the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds; to care for him who shall have
borne the battle, and for his widow, and his
orphan—to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among
ourselves, and with all nations.”
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The End of the War
• After the losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
things were not good for the Confederacy
• Abraham Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant as
commander of the Union armies
• Grant came up with a plan to defeat the
Confederacy –
– Grant would chase Robert E. Lee’s (the Confederate
commander) army in Virginia
– General Sherman would push through the Deep
South to Atlanta
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The End of the War
• Sherman waged total war, destroying everything in his
path
• Grant captured Richmond
• Knowing fighting was hopeless, Lee finally surrendered to
Grant on April 9, 1865 in the small Virginia town of
Appomattox Court House
• Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went back
home
• Other Confederate armies soon after also surrendered
• The war was over.
• However, one more battle was fought at Palmito Ranch in
Texas after Appomattox because the news had not arrived
there yet.
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The Effects
• The Civil War was the deadliest war in American
history
– Four years of fighting (1861-1865)
– 620,000 dead
– Another 535,000 wounded
• Some 3,000,000 men served in either army (10% of
the population)
• The North and South spent more than five times the
amount spent by the government in the previous
eight decades
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The End of the War?
“Early in 1995, a man was killed in a parking lot
after an argument that started over a Confederate
flag hanging in the back of the dead man’s pickup.
This incident occurred not long after Virginia’s hotly
contested 1994 Senate race, in which Republican
candidate Oliver North supported those who wished
to retain the Confederate flag as an emblem in
several southern state flags. It was another
skirmish in an emotional war between those who
see the “stars and bars” as an offensive racist
symbol and those who honor it as a symbol of their
heritage.”
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The End of the War?
“In June 1995 the Southern
Baptists, who had split from the
Baptist Church in 1845 over the
issue of slaveowners becoming
missionaries, apologized to
African Americans for the sin of
slavery”
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
The End of the War?
“In the Republican Congress elected in 1994,
there was a concerted move to return certain
powers to the states. About the same time, the
Supreme Court issued several decisions
questioning the extent of federal powers. The
“states’ rights” tune is on the Hit Parade once
more.”
Davis, Kenneth C. Don’t Know Much About the Civil War. New York: Perennial, 1996.
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
COMPLETE YOUR HISTORY
FRAME AND STUDY FOR YOUR
QUIZ NEXT TIME OVER THE
CIVIL WAR (NOTES PARTS 1
AND 2)