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Part II: Texas and the End TEXAS IN THE CIVIL WAR… and also Mansfield, LA THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Soldiers on Both Sides • Before the Civil War began, more than onefourth of all Texans were against secession • After the fighting began, most people supported the Confederacy • More than 60,000 Texans joined the Confederate army • More than 2,000 Texas Unionists joined the Union army THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Soldiers on Both Sides • Some Texans, rather than fight in either army, left Texas • Many were captured and/or killed • Many Unionists were captured and/or killed THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Fighting for Galveston • The Union blockaded the Southern coastline to keep the Confederacy from shipping cotton out • To get around the blockade, the South sent cotton overland to Mexico and out to Europe • In October 1862, the Union captured Galveston, the state’s busiest seaport • The South attacked it again in 1863 and regained the port • Galveston served as an important launching point for blockade runners slipping past Union ships THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Texans Defend Sabine Pass • Late in 1863, the Union tried to invade Texas by landing near Sabine Pass and marching overland to capture Beaumont and Houston • Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards were stationed at Fort Griffin, right on the Sabine River near the pass THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Texans Defend Sabine Pass • When the Union boats tried to sail past Fort Griffin, the Confederates opened fire • The Davis Guards took 350 Union prisoners and 2 Union boats • The Union plans to launch a major campaign against Texas were dashed • President Jefferson Davis praised the courage of the Davis Guards and awarded them medals Actual medals rewarded by President Davis!!! THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Red River and Beyond • Early in the war, the Union captured New Orleans • From there, they launched an invasion up the Red River into Texas in the spring of 1864 • Confederate leaders sent an army commanded by Richard Taylor to stop them • The two forces met near Mansfield, Louisiana • The smaller Confederate force routed the Union force THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Famous Texas Soldiers • Hood’s Texas Brigade and Terry’s Texas Rangers were among the better known Texas units that served east of the Mississippi River • Robert E. Lee called Hood’s men his “finest soldiers” • Terry’s Texas Rangers fought in more battles than any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II HOME FRONT HARDSHIPS… THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II War Changes Women’s Roles • There were few battles in Texas • Life on plantations didn’t change, except there were no men around to work the crops or tend the livestock • Four out of five men were away from home • Women and children did the work they left behind • Women also served as nurses during the Civil War THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II War Changes the Economy Uniforms like this one (a Confederate officer’s uniform) THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Shortages Make Life Difficult • Supplies were scarce in the South because of the Union blockade • Soldiers were forced to wear homemade clothes • Coffee and tea were almost impossible to get, so substitutes were used (like sweet potatoes, okra, peanuts, and corn… ) • Newspapers went out of business because they didn’t have paper • The few medicines the South did have went to the front lines THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II THE END OF THE WAR… THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II Lincoln’s Second Inauguration • Lincoln was elected a second time in 1864 as president of the United States • Again he gave an inaugural address in 1865 • The war had been going for almost four years and would ultimately cost over 600,000 lives THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II He painted a bleak picture of the war – “Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray— that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-men’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn by the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said “the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether.” THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II In his closing, he set out his plan for rebuilding the Union… “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The End of the War • After the losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, things were not good for the Confederacy • Abraham Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union armies • Grant came up with a plan to defeat the Confederacy – – Grant would chase Robert E. Lee’s (the Confederate commander) army in Virginia – General Sherman would push through the Deep South to Atlanta THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The End of the War • Sherman waged total war, destroying everything in his path • Grant captured Richmond • Knowing fighting was hopeless, Lee finally surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 in the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House • Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went back home • Other Confederate armies soon after also surrendered • The war was over. • However, one more battle was fought at Palmito Ranch in Texas after Appomattox because the news had not arrived there yet. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The Effects • The Civil War was the deadliest war in American history – Four years of fighting (1861-1865) – 620,000 dead – Another 535,000 wounded • Some 3,000,000 men served in either army (10% of the population) • The North and South spent more than five times the amount spent by the government in the previous eight decades THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The End of the War? “Early in 1995, a man was killed in a parking lot after an argument that started over a Confederate flag hanging in the back of the dead man’s pickup. This incident occurred not long after Virginia’s hotly contested 1994 Senate race, in which Republican candidate Oliver North supported those who wished to retain the Confederate flag as an emblem in several southern state flags. It was another skirmish in an emotional war between those who see the “stars and bars” as an offensive racist symbol and those who honor it as a symbol of their heritage.” THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The End of the War? “In June 1995 the Southern Baptists, who had split from the Baptist Church in 1845 over the issue of slaveowners becoming missionaries, apologized to African Americans for the sin of slavery” THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II The End of the War? “In the Republican Congress elected in 1994, there was a concerted move to return certain powers to the states. About the same time, the Supreme Court issued several decisions questioning the extent of federal powers. The “states’ rights” tune is on the Hit Parade once more.” Davis, Kenneth C. Don’t Know Much About the Civil War. New York: Perennial, 1996. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II COMPLETE YOUR HISTORY FRAME AND STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ NEXT TIME OVER THE CIVIL WAR (NOTES PARTS 1 AND 2)