Download AP ch21 - The Furnace of Civil War

The Civil War
Chapter 21
• Crittenden Compromise- a
failed attempt in Congress
which proposed extending
the MO Compromise Line all
the way to the Pacific.
• Lincoln was willing to support
slavery where it already
existed but he opposed its
spread.
• The South confiscated
almost every federal fort,
mint, and arsenal within its
borders.
Questions about a split U.S.
• What about allocation of
federal territories?
• What about the Monroe
Doctrine?
– European nations loved
the idea of a split U.S.
because it would be
weaker.
Fort Sumpter
• Fort Sumpter- in Charleston
S.C.
• Lincoln decided to re-supply
it right on schedule. Since
the South had it surrounded
they would have to fire the
first shot of the war or let the
North re-supply the fort.
• April 12, 1861: the South
fires nonstop for 34 hours
(and the only thing dead was
a mule) and makes the
Union surrender the fort.
A Call to Arms
• Lincoln asks northern
governors to supply
75,000 troops for 3
month enlistments.
• VA, AR, TN, and N.C.
then seceded (since
Lincoln called troops to
arms)....West Virginia
remained loyal to the
union and became a
state in 1863.
Comparison
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North
22 million people
85% of U.S. factories
most railroads
more $
a decent navy
2.5 million men in Union
army by war’s end
• South
• 9 million people / 3.5
slaves
• 15% of U.S. factories
• fighting a defensive war
• little $ and banking
• a puny navy
• popular support of
secession
• better military leadership
• 750,000 men in army
Strategies
• Union Strategy
• Southern Strategy
• 1. Capture Richmond • 1. Capture
Washington D.C. and
• 2. Gain control of the
drive North
Mississippi River
• 3. Blockade Southern • 2. Gain European
allies
ports
Bull Run
• July 1862 - General McDowell sent
to Richmond with 35,000 troops
which turned into the Battle of First
Bull Run (Manassas in the South)
• CSA led by Gen Joseph Johnston
• The Confederates could have
taken Washington D.C. but were
too disorganized.
• A complete route of the North, but
the battle showed that the War
would not be short.
• Stonewall Jackson earns his
nickname for the South.
The War in the Western Theater
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Shiloh - April 1862.
General Grant was sent to take 2 forts
guarding the Cumberland and
Tennessee rivers.
After losing early in the battle, Grant
rallies his troops and wins the battle.
13,000 Union casualties vs, 10,000
Confederate.
General Johnston dies (a huge
Confederate setback)
– His clothes were tattered by several
grazing bullets and the heel of his boot
was shot off. One bullet hit him in the
back of the leg. He would have easily
been saved with a tourniquet, but he
had earlier sent his surgeon off to
attend to wounded union soldiers!
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Shows how bloody the war will be.
Shiloh is Hebrew for “place of peace.”
The Western Theater
• April 1862, the Union takes
New Orleans, under the
command of David G.
Farragut, but the North
needs the whole river.
• Shiloh was also a Union
Victory in Tennessee in April,
1862.
• Grant takes Vicksburg after
laying siege to it for 6 weeks.
• It finally falls on July 4, 1863
http://www.civilwarhome.com/battleofvicksburg.htm
Iron Clads
• A new concept in naval
warfare.
• Grant used 4 ironclads when
he took forts Henry and
Donelson on the Tennessee
and Cumberland Rivers.
• The Monitor (North) vs. the
Merrimack (South)
• The battle ended in a draw
but showed that the days of
wooden ships was ending.
• This scene never really happened, but is a pretty realistic recreation of
ironclad warfare.
The War for Capitols
• Washington and Richmond
are only 70 miles apart.
• The Union General
McClellan was extremely
cautious even though he had
the advantage.
• Lincoln commented that “he
would like to borrow
McClellan’s army if he wasn’t
going to use it.”
• The South did great at
bluffing that they had more
men than they actually had.
• Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee
to lead his troops (Lee
personally opposed slavery
and secession but couldn’t
fight his home state of
Virginia).
• 1862: Conscription law
adopted in the Confederacy.
• 1863: Conscription went into
effect in the North. (Draft
Riots followed).
Peninsula Campaign
• April 1862
• McClellan moves on
Richmond but is very
hesitant.
• 100,000 Union troops vs.
13,000 Confederate
• McClellan called for pontoon
boats to transport troops and
supplies. But the pontoons
are 6 inches too wide to fit
through the locks on the
Potomac River, so the North
loses the advantage of
speed and surprise.
Peninsula Campaign
• The South faked the North
into believing that they had a
huge army.
• McClellan lays siege to
Yorktown, VA instead of
bypassing it and heading
straight for Richmond.
• McClellan asks for
reinforcements (160,000)
which he really didn’t need.
• Stonewall Jackson moves
from Richmond to the
Shenandoah Valley, then
close to Washington D.C.
– This makes McClellan nervous
so the North pulls back from
the Peninsula to defend D.C.
7 Days Campaign
• The Union assumes that the
South is defending their
capital too, but they weren’t.
This was a huge bluff that
paid off for the South.
• These events were known as
the 7 Days Campaign 16,000 Union Casualties vs.
20,000 Confed but the Union
retreats out of the South.
Antietam
• Lee is now in charge for the South
• A Confederate move North to
encourage European allies to help
the South.
• 13,000 Union Casualties vs.
12,000 Confed.
• The bloodiest and deadliest one
day of war in American History.
• General McClellan is fired for
being too cautious.
• Ambrose Burnside is the new
General for the North.
The Politics of War
• Britain bought massive
amounts of Southern Cotton.
• In 1861, the South tried to
get Britain to recognize the
CSA as an independent
nation.
• Britain announces Neutrality
in the Civil War and buys its
cotton from Egypt and India
(2 British colonies…..Britain
also stockpiled huge
supplies of cotton before the
war).
Lincoln’s view of slavery
• Lincoln disliked slavery but
did not think that he had the
power to destroy slavery
where it already existed.
– But as commander in chief he
knew that slave labor was a big
part of the Confederate military
so……
• The Union goal switched
from preserving the Union to
ending slavery.
• 1862 : allowed negroes to
serve in the army.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan 1, 1863.
• Freed slaves only in
rebelling states.
• African Americans still
discriminated against in
the army in terms of rank
and pay.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Northern soldiers and workers
were discouraged by the thought of
fighting a war to free 3.5 million
slaves who would move North and
take jobs from them.
• Copperheads- Northern
Democrats who sympathized with
the South.
• After the Emancipation Proc, the
issue of slavery was beyond
compromise and the South fought
all out to preserve their “peculiar
institution.”
Habeas Corpus
• Lincoln suspends this
constitutional guarantee which is a
court order that requires
authorities to bring a person held in
jail before the court to determine
why he or she is being jailed.
• Lincoln used this strategy to arrest
more than 13,000 suspected
Confederate sympathizers.
• The Supreme Court ruled this
unconstitutional but Lincoln
ignored its ruling (remember that
most of the S.C. justices were
southerners and pro-slavery).
Draft Riots
• Many northern poor
people did not want to
fight a war to free slaves.
• The Union enacted its
draft in 1863 but $300
would get you out.
• Rioters targeted the well
to do and blacks.
• Irish immigrants were
especially angry.
Life During Wartime
Desperate times for the South
• The war effort and Northern
blockade caused severe food
shortages in the South.
• Riots were common.
• Food prices averaged under
$7/month for a Southern family
before the war and & $68/month by
1863.
• Meat, corn, and rice became
luxuries
• The Southern labor force was out
fighting the war.
• Many slaves had been freed or
had run away.
• Many agricultural areas in the
South were either occupied or
destroyed.
Northern Economy
• The Northern economy
boomed during the war as
the army bought many
manufactured goods
(clothing, guns, shoes, etc).
• The North responded to the
labor shortage by
modernizing.
Ex: western farmers bought more
reapers.
– The Nation’s first Income Tax
was passed in 1863 to help
finance the war effort.
Prisons
• P.O.W. camps were awful and
many died of disease, malnutrition,
or starvation.
• Andersonville: a Confederate
prison in GA where 33,000 men
were crammed into 26 acres
(about the size of our school
campus).
• Primitive tents were all the shelter
they had.
• Their sewer and drinking water
were the same stream.
• The North refused prisoner
exchanges when the South
refused to include blacks in
them….so Confederate p.o.w.
camps became more crowded.
• 15% died in Confed prisons while
12% died in Northern prisons.
The North Takes Charge
• Fredericksburg- December
1862
• 114,000 Union vs. 75,000
Confederate
• The Confederates held the
high ground and pummeled
the North.
• Acquiring and assembling
pontoon bridges slowed the
North.
• Burnside replaced by Joe
Hooker
Wilderness Campaign
• April 1863
• Hooker splits his army
into 3 parts to outflank
the South.
• Lee responds by splitting
his army into 3 and
outflanking the North
and forcing a Union
retreat.
Chancellorsville
• A Confederate victory, but
they lose General Stonewall
Jackson.
• Union morale is at an all-time
low.
• Lee decides to move the War
North, spare Virginia and live
off the North.
• Lee takes 75,000 men into
PA.
• Hooker is replaced by
General George Meade.
Gettysburg
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Confederates raid Gettysburg to get
shoes.
The bigger plan was for the Confeds to
move into the Union and live off the
North and avoid further destruction of
the South.
Lee also hoped that the advance into
the North would take pressure off of
Vicksburg. (which surrendered the next
day)
A 3 day battle in early July 1863 in
Southern PA.
The two armies literally stumbled upon
each other.
Casualties: 23,000 Union vs. 28,000
Confederate.
Gettysburg was the turning point of the
War
General Grant took Vicksburg, MS and
the Union took control of the entire
Mississippi River the day after the
Union victory at Gettysburg.
The Gettysburg Address
• November 1863 to
dedicate the cemetery to
the dead of the previous
summer.
• Edward Everett
delivered a 2 hour
speech.
• Lincoln’s speech lasted
barely 2 minutes.
Ulysses S. Grant
• Lincoln appoints Grant,
hero of the Western
Theater as commander
of all Union forces in
1864.
– Lincoln loved Grant
because he fought!
– Grant appoint William T.
Sherman as commander
of the military division of
the Mississippi.
• Grant knew that he could
sustain twice as many
casualties as the south and
keep fighting (and he did).
• War of Attrition - run the
South out of men, supplies,
will.
• Chancellorsville,
Spotsylvania - each side
has huge losses.
– 1864
General Sherman
• Commanded the
Tennessee army (for the
Union).
• Moved 100,000 troops
from Tennessee to
Atlanta in September,
1864.
• The fall of Atlanta gave
Lincoln’s Presidential
campaign a boost
against McClellan who
was a Democrat.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Atlanta to Savannah
• A swath 60 miles wide for
300 miles.
• Total war- complete
destruction of the South and
destroy their will to fight.
• The Union got re-supplied
when they reach the coast,
then moved North.
Sherman’s Neckties
Sherman’s neckties
Election of 1864
• Lincoln wins over Democrat
George McClellan who ran
on a platform of immediate
secession.
• To attract Democrats the
Republicans changed their
name to the National Union
Party and nominated Andrew
Johnson, a TN pro-Union
Democrat as his V.P.
• Recent military victories
really helped Lincoln win.
Surrender
• April 2, 1865 - Richmond falls to
the North.
• Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse with only 30,000 men
on April 9, 1865.
– Lee seriously considered a suicide
charge to avoid the humiliation of
surrender.
• Confederate officers could keep
side-arms
• Confederate soldiers could keep
horses and mules. They were fed
and sent home.
• April 26, 1865: General Joseph
Johnston surrenders to Sherman.
The Legacy of the War
• The war increased the
federal government’s power.
• The Northern economy was
booming after the war and
the South was completely
devastated.
– Their labor force was now
freed.
– The War wiped out most
Southern industry.
– 40% of Southern livestock was
destroyed.
– Railroads were destroyed
– Thousands of acres of farmland
were ruined.
Statistics
• Cost the Union $2.3 billion.
• Cost the South $1 billion.
• Union inflation peaked @ 182 % in
1864.
• Southern inflation peaked @
7,000%.
• The Union suffered 360,000
casualties vs. 260,000 for the
South.
• 1/3 of all soldiers ended up dead,
wounded or a P.O.W.
• The Cost of the 4 year war was
$3.3 billion – a figure that doubled
what the nation spent in the
previous 80 years combined.
13th Amendment
• “Neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment
for crime whereof the
party shall have been
duly convicted shall exist
within the U.S.”
• By the end of 1865, 27
states, including 8 from
the south had ratified it.
Matthew Brady
• Documented the Civil War
through photography.
• A relatively new invention.
• Showed how real the war
was.
Lincoln is killed
• Assassinated at Ford’s Theater by
John Wilkes Booth, a Southern
sympathizer.
• Lincoln and Mary were watching
“Our American Cousin” a British
comedy.
• Booth broke his ankle when he
jumped onto the stage.
• Twelve days later union cavalry
troops found Booth hiding in a
tobacco barn and lit it on fire.
– He probably died of a gunshot
wound (either from the troops or
self inflicted).