Download Fort Sumter, April 12

Fort Sumter, April 12-15, 1861
Mobilization
• Lincoln prepares
North for war
• VA, AR, TN, NC
secede
• 4 slave states remain
– Delaware
– Border states / regions
•
•
•
•
Maryland
Kentucky
Missouri
Western Virginia
Temporary measures
• Lincoln would take no chances with MD
• Imprisonment of pro-secession state
legislators
• Suppression of disloyal newspapers
• Suspended habeas corpus
– Supreme Court struck it down
– Lincoln ignored Taney – just like Jackson
American Civil War 1861-1865
North v. South
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
On the eve of war, one certainty:
North has material advantage
2x the population – 4x the white pop.
More fighters and workers
Northern advanced industrial complex
South improved, still reliant on Europe
North has better transportation:
More and better roads; 2x the rails
Better integrated rails – uniform gauges
By 1864 Southern inferior rails collapse
Comparing Sides
Railroads 1860
Hindsight is 20/20
•
•
•
•
•
At the time, South seems better situated
Defense war, positions --so…
North fighting in the South –so…
Southern commitment mostly uniform
Northern commitment divided, shaky to
end
• One decisive victory away from failure of
Northern will
• Perhaps even European intervention for
South
Strategy and Diplomacy
• Militarily
– Initiative to fight is up to the Union
– To keep South it has to defeat South
• Diplomatically
– South has to gain recognition from Europe
– North needs to maintain status quo
• Attack and Die
– South adopts a “Celtic” strategy – full frontal
assault
• Commander-InChief
• Material
Advantage
• Sees goal
– destroy Armies
– not territories
• Lincoln is more
competent than
his generals
– Not schooled in
war
– “By the power
of his mind,
[he] became a
fine strategist.”
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
Joint Committee on the Conduct of War
• Congress’ voice in formulating war policy
• Very powerful, interfering
• Joint investigative committee from both
houses
• Chair: Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio
• Radical Republicanism
• Function
• Constantly plague Lincoln
Confederate States of America
• Professional Solider
(West Point)
• Fails to create
effective system of
command
• 1862 names Robert
E. Lee principal
military advisor
• No plan on sharing
• Fed up, Lee goes to
field
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
The North’s Plan
Anaconda
•
•
•
•
Gen. Scott
Naval blockade
River control
Eventually “squeeze”
toward Richmond
Advantage at Sea
1. Logistics most important
2. Union Blockades
– Not fully effective
– Smugglers (Gone with the Wind)
– Union is able to squeeze Southern ports
• South tries to break the Blockade
– Ironclads – Merrimack v. Monitor
– Torpedo boats
– Hand-powered submarines
• CSS Huley v. USS Housatonic
USS Cairo
Europe
• England and France Southern
sympathizers at start
– Cotton importation
– Weaken USA
– Aristocratic nature of society
•
•
•
•
France stays out – will follow Britain
Britain stays out – Popular Union support
Freedom v. slavery
Emancipation Proclamation fuels this view
Death of King Cotton
•
•
•
•
1861 UK cotton surplus
No need for CS cotton
Turn to Egypt and India to meet demand
Major southern bargaining tool
undermined
• No foreign recognition – never proves its
close enough
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
•North defeated
•Disorganized retreat
•Stonewall Jackson got his name
The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
War in the East: 1861-1862
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
Order No. 191
• Lee’s battle plan for
Antietam
• Fell into Union hands
• McClellan knew
exactly how Lee
would attack
• Still, McClellan
refused to commit to
victory
23,000
casualties
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Emancipation in 1863
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The War in
the West,
1863:
Vicksburg
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
The North
Initiates the
Draft, 1863
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
Inflation in the South
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
Presidential
Election
Results:
1864
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
“Sic semper tyrannis!”
The Execution