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Fort Sumter, April 12-15, 1861 Mobilization • Lincoln prepares North for war • VA, AR, TN, NC secede • 4 slave states remain – Delaware – Border states / regions • • • • Maryland Kentucky Missouri Western Virginia Temporary measures • Lincoln would take no chances with MD • Imprisonment of pro-secession state legislators • Suppression of disloyal newspapers • Suspended habeas corpus – Supreme Court struck it down – Lincoln ignored Taney – just like Jackson American Civil War 1861-1865 North v. South • • • • • • • • • • On the eve of war, one certainty: North has material advantage 2x the population – 4x the white pop. More fighters and workers Northern advanced industrial complex South improved, still reliant on Europe North has better transportation: More and better roads; 2x the rails Better integrated rails – uniform gauges By 1864 Southern inferior rails collapse Comparing Sides Railroads 1860 Hindsight is 20/20 • • • • • At the time, South seems better situated Defense war, positions --so… North fighting in the South –so… Southern commitment mostly uniform Northern commitment divided, shaky to end • One decisive victory away from failure of Northern will • Perhaps even European intervention for South Strategy and Diplomacy • Militarily – Initiative to fight is up to the Union – To keep South it has to defeat South • Diplomatically – South has to gain recognition from Europe – North needs to maintain status quo • Attack and Die – South adopts a “Celtic” strategy – full frontal assault • Commander-InChief • Material Advantage • Sees goal – destroy Armies – not territories • Lincoln is more competent than his generals – Not schooled in war – “By the power of his mind, [he] became a fine strategist.” Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! Joint Committee on the Conduct of War • Congress’ voice in formulating war policy • Very powerful, interfering • Joint investigative committee from both houses • Chair: Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio • Radical Republicanism • Function • Constantly plague Lincoln Confederate States of America • Professional Solider (West Point) • Fails to create effective system of command • 1862 names Robert E. Lee principal military advisor • No plan on sharing • Fed up, Lee goes to field The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee The North’s Plan Anaconda • • • • Gen. Scott Naval blockade River control Eventually “squeeze” toward Richmond Advantage at Sea 1. Logistics most important 2. Union Blockades – Not fully effective – Smugglers (Gone with the Wind) – Union is able to squeeze Southern ports • South tries to break the Blockade – Ironclads – Merrimack v. Monitor – Torpedo boats – Hand-powered submarines • CSS Huley v. USS Housatonic USS Cairo Europe • England and France Southern sympathizers at start – Cotton importation – Weaken USA – Aristocratic nature of society • • • • France stays out – will follow Britain Britain stays out – Popular Union support Freedom v. slavery Emancipation Proclamation fuels this view Death of King Cotton • • • • 1861 UK cotton surplus No need for CS cotton Turn to Egypt and India to meet demand Major southern bargaining tool undermined • No foreign recognition – never proves its close enough Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 •North defeated •Disorganized retreat •Stonewall Jackson got his name The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac War in the East: 1861-1862 Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 Order No. 191 • Lee’s battle plan for Antietam • Fell into Union hands • McClellan knew exactly how Lee would attack • Still, McClellan refused to commit to victory 23,000 casualties The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation in 1863 The Famous 54th Massachusetts Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties The North Initiates the Draft, 1863 NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) Inflation in the South The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham Presidential Election Results: 1864 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassin John Wilkes Booth The Assassination “Sic semper tyrannis!” The Execution