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Chapter 22 :The Civil War 1 The Southerners were convinced their cause was right and left the Union = succession. The Northerners wanted to preserve the Union and fight to abolish slavery. Civil War = a conflict between two peoples in one country. This divides family and friends not just states, making it a more difficult war. 2 • The border states, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware decided to stay with the Union or northern states, although many fought for the south. • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas decide to stay with the Confederacy. The Western countries of Virginia remained loyal to the union so they broke away and become a new state called West Virginia which then became part of the union. 3 Preparing for war • President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve in the Union army against the South. • Both the North and the South thought it would be a quick victory. • Jefferson Davis was the newly elected president for the Confederacy (the South). 4 Strengths of the South STRENGTHS = • South had a much larger area of land to cover which would make it hard to invade and conquer • The Southern Coastline allowed the south to get supplies from Europe (The North would need a large Navy to stop this) • The South could win by defending their territory until North got tired of fighting • Strong military leadership – Robert E. Lee was against slavery and secession but could not fight against Virginia (his home) so he resigned from the Army to become commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces. 5 Weaknesses of the South WEAKNESSES = • Population of 9 million • The North could split the South in 2 pieces if they got control of the Mississippi River • Their economy could not support a long war • Very few factories to make weapons and supplies • Transportation problems - no railroad network to move supplies 6 Strengths of the North STRENGTHS = • Strong Leader = Abraham Lincoln • Population = 22 million • Were richer and more technologically advanced (90% manufacturing in the North) • Geographic advantages + more farms = more food for troops • Its land had most of the country’s iron, coal, copper and gold • Controlled the seas • There was 21,000 miles of railroad track which allowed soldiers to move supplies wherever they were needed. 7 Weaknesses of the North WEAKNESSES = • Weak military leadership (1/3 of the officers resigned and returned to their homes in the South) 8 The War’s Leaders Jefferson Davis • Became president of the Confederate/Southern states. • Born in Kentucky in a log cabin • Davis went to West Point Military Academy. • He served our country in the Mexican War and was Secretary of War under the 14th President Pierce. • Was a U.S. Senator for Mississippi until he resigned when Mi left the Union. • Served on the South b/c of a sense of duty. Abraham Lincoln – • • • • 16th President (Union would never be broken) Born in Kentucky Had limited schooling but a craving for knowledge Became a Lawyer before entering politics and was 6”4’ tall • Was patient, thoughtful and tolerant of others with a good sense of humor 9 The North’s 3 step strategy for winning the war 1. Surround the South by land and sea to cut off trade. 2. Divide the South into sections so that one region could not help another. 3. Capture Richmond, Virginia the capital of the South and destroy the government. 10 • Was a strong supporter of the South • Used her friendship with government officials in the North to find out when and how the Union planned to attack Richmond. • Rose warned the Southern military leaders of the North’s plans. • She smuggled a coded note to them in the curls of a young girl. 11 • The Battle of Bull Run: A Southern On July 12, 1861 President Victory Lincoln sent troops from Washington, D.C. to Richmond, Virginia. As soon as they left Washington the Union soldiers clashed with the Confederate soldiers near a small stream called Bull Run because Greenhow had warned the Southern soldiers the North was coming. First major battle of the Civil War • Thomas Jackson, the general for the Confederacy, held his ground like a “stone wall.” Jackson henceforth became known as General “Stonewall Jackson." At the end of the battle the Union retreated back to Washington. The Confederate soldiers won the first major battle of the Civil War and it was a shocking blow to the North. 12 Many women took an interest in the war effort. • Women took care of their families on the home front and went to work in factories for the 1st time. • They also worked as nurses helping soldiers on the battlefield. • Dorothea Dix who helped reform prisons and mental hospitals, became director of the Union army’s nursing service. • - She made strict rules about accepting nurses onto the battlefield. • nurses. - She wanted women over 30, plain in looks, physically strong, and willing to do disgusting work. - Her nickname was “DRAGON DIX” 13 Many women took an interest in the war effort. An Angel in Battlefield • Women also served the military forces as messengers, soldiers and spies 14 President Lincoln appointed General George McClellan as the Commander of the Union Army. McClellan was too cautious and was not aggressive in his battles against the Confederate Soldiers. Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis appointed General Robert E. Lee as the Commander of the Confederate Army. 15 Battle of Antietam - A Union Victory but both sides loose too many men • Took place on September, 1862, in Antietam, Maryland. • At this battle General Lee (South) led an army into Maryland (a Union border state near Washington D.C.) in the hopes that they could convince Maryland to join the South. Lee ended up leaving a copy of his battle plans at an abandoned campsite. General George McClellan (North) had a clear chance at victory when he saw the plans, but he acted to slowly on it. As a result, 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers died in battle, more than in the War of 1812 and Mexican War combined. McClellan (Union) claimed victory but it was considered the bloodiest day of the war. • General George McClellan did a poor job, so he was replaced by General Burnside as the Commander of the Army of the Potomac, after the George McClellan army failed at this opportunity to win the war. 16 General Burnside The New Realities of War • In past wars, battles were won with bayonets • New improved weapons made killing at a distance much easier. -Rifles replaced with muskets - Improved cannons and artillery • Medical care was not advanced - doctors did not know causes of infections - surgeons operated in dirty tents with basic instruments and didn’t wash hands between patients which spread infections 17 • Soldiers often refused medical care because death rate was so high • More soldiers died of disease than wounds. • For every soldier that died in battle, 3 died of typhoid, pneumonia and other diseases living in the camps. Amputations Soldier had rag soaked with chloroform put over face to knock them out. First Surgeon would cut off blood flow with tourniquet. Then he’d use a hacksaw-like tool called a capital saw to saw through bone. After the bone and flesh was sliced off, surgeon would take silk sutures in the North, and cotton sutures in the South, and sew the major arteries and veins together. The limb would be dropped on a pile that got thrown out after the day. Time was of the essence, so the soldier would be carried off of the platform and another soldier would be placed on 18 the platform (15 mins) • • • • • Civil War Amputation Kit • By mid-1862 President Lincoln felt he must begin to address the issue of slavery. He felt he could save the Union if he broadened the goals of the war. So Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation to free enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy (South). The word, emancipate means, to set free. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the formal Emancipation Proclamation that stated that declared: What did Lincoln declare with these words in his speech? “On the 1st day of January, in the year of the Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or...part of a state whose people...shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” 19 The Proclamation declared slaves in all confederate states to be free, however the South simply ignored the document. What does this mean to all African American people? Declaring an end to slavery would discourage Europeans who were against slavery from helping he South. Freeing slaves could also deprive the South a large part of its workforce. It turned the war into a crusade for freedom 20 Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However, many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort. 21 Since the rebelling states were not under Union Control, no slaves actually gained freedom on January 1st, 1863. Still the Emancipation Proclamation changed the character of the war. Click on the picture to see the original document 22 - Both the North and South ran out of volunteers to fill their armies. - In 1862 – The south passed the first draft law. - All white men aged 18-35 yrs. could be called for 3 yrs. of military service - North’s draft law included men aged 20-45 yrs. - A drafted man could avoid the army by paying a substitute to take his place (300.00 $). - Thus the war became known as “A rich man’s war and a poor mans fight.” 23 • On July 1, 1863, Union and Confederate troops met West of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. • 90,000 Union troops lead by George C. Meade occupied four miles of high ground along Cemetery Ridge. • Union gunners opened wholes in the South’s advancing lines and they struck down the Southern troops who made it to Cemetery Ridge in hand to hand combat. • Losses were tragic – 17,500 Union • Lee who had lost 1/3 of his army went back to Virginia. soldiers and 23,000 Confederate a 24 soldiers were killed or wounded in • From here on out he would wage defensive war on southern soil. 3 days of battle Opposition to War in the North Some Northerner Democrats were against using force to keep the South in the Union. They wanted to restore peace rather than save the Union or end slavery. Republicans called these people Copperheads, after a poisonous snake. Other Northerners supported the war but opposed the way Lincoln was handling it. . • • • • Draft Riots Break Out Some Northerners hated being forced to fight to end slavery Others saw it as a military dictatorship A riot broke out in New York City in July 1863 in which people burned draft notices and fought police. Crowds of angry white New Yorkers targeted African Americans killing almost 100. 25 President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and other "disloyal practices." Several times, he suspended habeas corpus, the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed. Lincoln argued that the Constitution allowed him to deny people their rights "when in the cases of rebellion or invasion,” and when “the public safety may require it." 26 Four months after the draft riots, Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg. On November 19, 1863 President Lincoln gave a dedication speech at a cemetery overlooking the battlefield where soldiers died. This speech became known as the Gettysburg Address. It was one of the most important speeches in American History. The speech was similar to that of the Declaration of Independence. “…that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.” “…and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” 27 Ironclad Ships • In the battles of the Civil War the navy used ships covered in steel for the first time. These ships were called ironclad ships. The Confederates used a steel ship called the Merrimack to fight the war. They covered the ship with steel and renamed it the Virginia. On its voyage, this Southern ironclad destroyed 3 wooden Union ships and threatened the entire Northern blockade Fleet. • The Union used a steel ship called the Monitor to face the Virginia. This was the first Union ironclad that held its own in battle, however neither the North or the South could claim victory with their ironclad ships. • In the end neither of the two ships was seriously damaged but both sides realized that ironclad ships had changed naval warfare forever. Merrimack or Virginia Monitor 28 Union Won Victories in the West Ironclads were also part of the Union’s way of dividing up the South by taking control of the Mississippi River. The Union gained controlled of both ends of the Mississippi. The South could no longer move supplies up and down the river, but the North couldn’t either until it gained control of Vicksburg, Mississippi. 29 General Ulysses S. Grant Click on the picture to learn more. Soon General Ulysses S. Grant was appointed as the new General and Commander of the Union Army. General Burnside was replaced because the Union was not winning any battles. Lincoln was looking for a General that would lead the Union to a victory. Lincoln believed grant could win the war. 30 • Grant’s army took control of New Orleans, Memphis and the Mississippi River dividing the south into two. • Grant’s army also had cut off the South’s trade with Europe. • General Grant then battled his way to Vicksburg attacking the town. • For 6 weeks, Union gunboats shelled the city from the river while Grant’s army attacked it from land. Slowly Union troops made their way into the city. • People in Vicksburg dug caves into hillsides for protection and were forced to eat horses, mules, dogs and rats until they finally surrendered on July 4, 1863. 31 African Americans in the War At the start of the war, African Americans were forbidden to fight in the war as soldiers. In 1862 Congress repealed this law and allowed free and escaped Africans to fight in the war. 186,000 African Americans fought for the Union Army. Another 30,000 joined the Navy. Nearly 40,000 African Americans lost their lives fighting for their freedom in the war. Click on the picture to learn more. 32 Many African American regiments were commanded by white officers. Massachusetts was one of the first states to issue an all black regiment. They were called the 54th Massachusetts Regiment and were commanded by Robert Gould Shaw. In 1863 near Charleston, the 54th Regiment forced their way into combat with the South at Fort Wagner. To reach the fort, troops had to cross 200 yrds of open sandy beach making it an impossible mission. Shaw and half of the 54th regiment soldiers were killed. They finally pulled back, but the courage of the 54th Regiment won the respect of other African American Soldiers. The 54th Regiment was known as “the bravest of the brave.” 33 Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Appomattox: Total War Brings an End • As the war raged on people began to realize that the Union Army commanded by Grant was going to win the war. His strategy was simple: find your enemy, strike him as hard and as often as you can and keep moving on. • Grant would lead a large force against Lee to capture Richmond and Sherman would lead a 2nd army into Georgia to take Atlanta. General Ulysses S. Grant General William Tecumseh Sherman 34 ON TO RICHMOND • Grant invaded Virginia with 100,00 men who met Lee’s army of 60,000 men. In 2 days Grant lost 18,000 men yet refused to retreat. Then he followed Lee’s army to Cold Harbor where he lost 7,000 men in 15 min. Grant’s losses equaled about Lee’s entire army but he was able to get reinforcements and more men, whereas Lee who also suffered heavy losses, could not. 35 Grant’s Plan for TOTAL WAR Against the South General Grant decided to destroy the South's ability to fight the war. Grant ordered his generals to wage total war against the South (war on the enemy’s will to fight and support an army.) He wanted the Union army to destroy food, equipment, and anything else they found that might be useful to the enemy (South). General Grant said: “Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return. Destroy whatever cannot be consumed. Let the valley be left so that crows flying over it will have to carry their rations along with them” What does Grant say with these words? 36 • Sherman left Tennessee for Georgia with orders to “do all the damage he could.” • This was the South’s most important rail and manufacturing center. • Sherman set the city ablaze. After burning Atlanta, Sherman’s troops march to Savannah, Georgia. • As his troops marched through Georgia, they destroyed everything they found of value. Fields were burned, houses robbed, food supplies were burned or stolen. Dead horses, hogs and cattle lined the street. • In 1864, Sherman captured Savannah and waited for Grant’s final attack on Richmond. 37 The Reelection of Lincoln In 1864, the Northern Democrats nominated McClellan to run against Lincoln. Lincoln doubted he would be reelected because Grant seemed stuck in Northern Virginia and there was no end in sight for the fighting. Then just in time, General Sherman takes Atlanta and Sheridan destroys the Shenandoah Valley. Because of this, Lincoln becomes reelected for a second term. 38 • For 9 months Grant’s army battles Lee’s army at Petersburg, the gateway to Richmond. • On April 1st, 1865, the Union forces break through South lines to capture Richmond. • Grant’s soldiers quickly surround Lee’s army and there is nothing left for Lee to do. • On April 9th, 1965, Lee surrenders his army at the Appomattox Courthouse. • Grant’s terms of surrender were generous: Southern soldiers could go home if they promised to stop fighting. They could take their own horses and mules with them and they could keep their swords and weapons. Grant also ordered food to be sent to Lee’s starving men. Surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse: 39 The War Comes to an End The war is over. General Grant said: "The war is over, the rebels are our countrymen again.” What did Grant say in his statement? As a result of the war more than 360,000 Union soldiers died and 250,000 Confederate soldiers lost their lives. 40 41