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Reconstruction Deconstructed Lincoln’s 10% plan (1863) • 10% of voters pledged loyalty to Union • State would – Form a new state government – Create a new state constitution that had to ban slavery • Encouraged Southerners who supported Union to take control of government • Believed that punishing the South would only delay the healing of the nation – Reconciliation Lincoln’s 10% plan • Amnesty to all white Southerners except Confederate leaders. • African Americans could vote only if – Educated – Served in Union army • Would not force Southern states to give same rights as white Americans. • 3 states occupied by Union army, LA, AK & TN all created governments under Lincoln’s plan • The Problem??? – Congress would not recognize those state’s representatives because Congress was controlled by… THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS The Radical Republicans • Believed in – Abolition of slavery – Total equality of the races – Lincoln’s plan was too “soft” • Wanted to – Prosecute those involved in the Confederacy – Faster destruction of slavery – Destroy the idea of Confederate nationalism??? – The mindset and Wade-Davis Bill • Much harsher than Lincoln’s plan • 50% of white males swear allegiance to Union • State constitution could only be voted on by white males who swore never to held arms against the union. • Former Confederates (soldiers) could not hold public office • New constitution that abolishes slavery • 1864 – CONGRESS PASSES the BILL!! • Lincoln vetoes the bill. • DUM DUM DUMM!! Freedman’s Bureau • Formed 1865 – last weeks of war • Developed by Congress; part of the army • Helped transition slaves to “free life” • Also helped Southerners who supported the Union. • Provided – – – – Food Clothing Medical services Transportation to labor • Helped to get fair wages – Education • Staffed with teachers from North • Aid to newly formed colleges Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln’s Assassination • Three Targets – President Lincoln (killed) – William Seward (seriously injured) – V.P. Andrew Johnson (“chickened out”) • Booth – Accomplished Shakespearean actor – Tremendous racist • Why?? • 1864 – Booth & others plan to capture Lincoln (hospital visit) & take him to Richmond – Ransom him for Confederate prisoners of war. – Never Happened Lincoln’s schedule changes at last minute. JWB - From captor to killer • 2 weeks after Appomatox, Lincoln gives speech about Blacks getting voting rights • Booth is in crowd & gets so upset that he vows to kill Lincoln. Lincoln’s Death • Shocks nation • Not popular as president because of his divisive stances • Many southerners upset because they wanted Lincoln’s plan to work • Americans shocked and outraged. • Lincoln becomes martyr & a hero. • 1-4 Americans view his body in D.C. or on train route. Funeral Train Route The Tolls of Presidency • Life Mask 1860 • “Death” Mask (1865) History Channel Excerpt th 14 Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * And other stuff too… * Let’s take a closer look at the language. 14th Amendment • Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. • Fisher v. University of Texas (2013 Sup. Court ruling) 14th Amendment • Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 14th Amendment • Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 14th Amendment • Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. • Union will not pay any debts. 14th Amendment • Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.[ The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). Sharecropping Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Black & White Political Participation Colored Rule in the South? Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Change in the South • New ruling party – Antebellum South = large landowners & wealthy – Postbellum = merchants, bankers & industrialists • Opposed Northern interference & wanted Southern economic development – Called “Redeemers” b/c they “redeemed the South” from Republican rule Redeemers • Lower taxes • Little gov’t spending • Eliminated social programs started by the Radical Republicans during Reconst. – Most notably PUBLIC EDUCATION!! New Southern Economy • After Civil War – South remained a poor, rural economy • 1880’s – “Out Yankee the Yankees” – Industries based on • • • • • • Coal Iron (Alabama) Tobacco (James Duke/North Carolina) Irony??? Cotton (New Southern textile mills) Lumber Other available resources Why Quick Growth? • Cheap & reliable workforce – Long Hours & low wages • Factory workers & even children • African Americans were NOT part of this – Received the lowest paying and worst jobs (if that) • Rebuilt & Expanded railroad system • North was still industrializing more quickly • South remained a primarily agricultural economy New Southern Rural economy??? • The Hope – No more sprawling plantations • Small farms growing a variety of crops • No one giant farm growing just cotton. • The Reality – Large landowners kept property (some broken up) – Land went to tenant farming & sharecropping • NOT PROFITABLE Sharecropping & Cash Crops • Credit / Debt cycle of sharecropping • Cash Crops = a way to get out of debt • Didn’t work b/c of supply & demand!! -Supply equal to Demand = price remains steady. -Too much supply / not enough demand = Price goes down. -Too much demand / not enough supply = Price goes up. Voting?? You sure? • Check out the following picture link & follow the steps you would have to undergo if you were a freedman and wanted to vote really, really badly (psst… the local governments didn’t make it easy for you) The Culture of Jim Crow • Segregated society • Plessy V. Ferguson – 1876 Supreme Court Decision – Legal as long as there were separate but equal – Lasted until the 1950’s & 1960’s Closing thoughts • Reconstruction – Big mess – Had good hopes – Helped South recover from war, but the majority of the economy was the same (rural, poor) – Temporary improvement for freed slaves, but not long lasting – Resulted in a segregated society.