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The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures AP US HISTORY – UNIT 6 North vs. South in 1861 North South Advantages ? ? Disadvantages ? ? Civil War South early advantage… North long-term advantage South had some military equipment -Calhoun moved military outposts to South. Rating the North & the South Slave/Free States Population, 1861 Railroad Lines, 1860 Resources: North & the South The Union & Confederacy in 1861 Men Present for Duty in the Civil War Ohio Military Service Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860 US Congress without the South More efficient -Passed national development plans Homestead Act (1862) Morrill Act (1862) -created public trust lands - school land - land grant colleges Intercontinental railroad finished Congress (cont.) -Financial development National Bank Act (1863) Created new central bank Made up of state banks holding federal deposits Income tax (1861) The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens Government of the Confederacy South divided over question of secession Rich ↑, others not as enthusiastic Confederacy was a weak national government *Favored states' rights *Some states failed to collect taxes or enforce draft The Confederate “White House” The Confederate Seal MOTTO “With God As Our Vindicator” A Northern View of Jeff Davis Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan The “Anaconda” Plan Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! McClellan: I Can Do It All! The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac Damage on the Deck of the Monitor A FEW GOOD MEN…. Draft instituted March 1863 *First time the U.S. had used a draft Draft riots by Irish (Lincoln wanted 2 mil. man army) Copperheads –No. Democrats who denounced war Buy Your Way Out of Military Service War in the East: 1861-1862 Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties 1862 - Lincoln suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus Allowed army to arrest civilians who interfered with war. Maryland….NO GO Steps Towards Emancipation 1861 - Confiscation Act – Allowed Union army to seize plantations – Nullifies owners' claims to fugitive slaves who had been employed in the Confederate war 1862 – Gen. John C. Fremont's Emancipation Proclamation – Slaves in areas controlled by Union army would be free (Lincoln orders Freemont to “back-off”) Emancipation in 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in the 11 Confederate states 13th Amendment (1865) Made slavery illegal 14th Amendment (1868) Citizens = full rights for all Barred Confederates from federal government Absolved the U.S. from the Confederacy's debts 15th Amendment (1870) Former slaves had full voting rights Slavery not immediately abolished at state level African-American Recruiting Poster The Famous 54th Massachusetts August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw African-Americans in Civil War Battles Black Troops Freeing Slaves Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties The North Initiates the Draft, 1863 Women's movements U.S. Sanitary Commission (Dorothea Dix) – Organized women as nurses for Union army Joined by Clara Barton & Susan B. Anthony – Clara Barton - Red Cross – Susan B. Anthony women's suffrage Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC Recruiting Blacks in NYC NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) A “Pogrom” Against Blacks Inflation in the South The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham 1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864 Presidential Election Results: 1864 Election of 1864 Lincoln (Union Party = pro war people from various parties) v. George McClellan (Northern Dem.) McClellan (pro-peace) Sherman’s capture of Atlanta (10/64) makes it clear North would win war Lincoln Wins The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassin John Wilkes Booth The Assassination WANTED~~!! Now He Belongs to the Ages! The Execution AP US History – Unit 6 The Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN (April 12, 1864) Nathan Bedford Forrest (Captured Fort Pillow) 262 African-Americans 295 white Union soldiers. Ordered black soldiers murdered after they surrendered! [many white soldiers killed as well] Became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war. Confederate Prison Camp at Point Lookout, MD Planned to hold 10,000 men. Had almost 50,000 at one time. Point Lookout Memorial of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA Original Andersonville Plan Planned to hold 10,000 men. Had over 32,000 at one time. Distributing “Rations” Union “Survivors” Union Prisoner’s Record at Andersonville Burying Dead Union POWs Andersonville Cemetary AP US HISTORY – UNIT 6 Key Questions How do we bring the South back into the Union? How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. President Lincoln’s Plan 1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * * “loyal assemblies” They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] “Conquered Provinces” Position [PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill Jeff Davis Under Arrest th 13 Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Freedmen’s Bureau School President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES Slavery is Dead? Black Codes Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!! Johnson the Martyr / Samson If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union. (February 1866) 14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 The 1866 Bi-Election A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).