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The Civil War 1861-1865 The war begins • Lincoln inaugurated March 1861 • Unclear how he would respond to SC & the other 6 states • He assured southerners that he had no intention of interfering with slavery • He warned that no state had the right to secede • “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.” --Abraham Lincoln, Inauguration speech. Fort Sumter • 2 forts in the South were still occupied by Federal troops • One was Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC • Lincoln chose to send supplies to the fort & allow SC to decide whether or not to allow it • Confederates began bombarding Ft. Sumter on April 12, 1861 President Abraham Lincoln’s reaction Acted as no other president had before him Often acting without approval of Congress Claim such action as necessary “as indispensable to the public safety.” Lincoln Called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the insurrection 90 day enlistment period Authorized spending for the war Suspended the writ of habeas corpus Congress was not in session when Lincoln did these things The South’s Reaction After Ft. Sumter 4 other southern states seceded Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, & Arkansas The capital was moved to Richmond, VA 4 slaveholding states remained in the Union Border states: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, & Delaware Border States Keeping the border states in the Union was imperative to Lincoln Loss of these states would have increased the population of the CS by 50% These states were strategically important for the war Lincoln was reluctant to push for emancipation fearing alienation of these states Civil War Names • • • • • • • • • • • • The War Between the States The War for Southern Independence Mr. Lincoln’s War The Southern Rebellion The War of the Rebellion The Second War for Independence The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance The War Against Northern Aggression The War of the Southern Planters The War for the Union The War for Southern Freedom The Lost Cause Civil War Nicknames Confederate States of America The South, CS, CSA, Rebels, Confederates, Johnny Reb, Secesh SC, NC, GA, FL, MS, AL, TN, AK, VA, TX, & LA United States of America The North, US, USA, Yankees, Billy Yank, Federals, Bluebellies First Modern War • • • • • • • • • • • • Rifled muskets Telegraph Ironclad ships Submarines Total warfare Workable machine gun Aerial reconnaissance Field trenches Photography of battle Repeating rifles Bugle call “Taps” Income tax Military Advantages CS Fight a defensive war Move troops shorter distances Long coast difficult to blockade Experienced military leaders US Population: 22 million vs. 5.5 million 2.5:1; free males 4.4:1 800,000 immigrants Freed slaves US Navy Economic Advantages CS Hoped overseas demand for cotton would draw support from foreign powers, esp. the U.K. US Controlled most of the banking & capital of the US Wealth produced 3:1 (factory production: 10:1) Transportation (railroad mileage: 7:1) 85% of all factories & manufactured goods 70% of railroads 65% of farmland Political Advantages The North Well established strong central government Strong leadership of Abraham Lincoln The South Hurt by it’s own ideology of state’s rights Lacked a strong central government Hoped that the North would turn on Lincoln & get tired of the war Strategies Northern strategy Capture Richmond Occupy border states Divide the CS in two by taking control of Mississippi River Blockade southern ports & cut off supply line to South Anaconda Plan Southern strategy Capture Washington, D.C. Control border states Gain support of England Theatres Western theatre Eastern theatre Confederate States of America C.S.A. Constitution modeled after U.S. Constitution One 6-year term for president & v.p. President had item veto power Congress could not pass protective tariffs or fund internal improvements Foreign slave trade was prohibited Pres. Davis struggled to increase power of the presidency during the war; state governors resisted The CS faced serious shortage of money during the war—issued more than $1 billion in paper money Worth less than 2 cents by end of the war Civil War Battles • South named battles after town or settlement • Battle of Manassas • North named battles after nearest water • Battle of Bull Run Civil War Battles • First Bull Run (US) or First Manassas (CS), Virginia (July 1861) • First battle of the Civil War, July 1861 • “On to Richmond” • Believed it would be a short war • US Gen. Irvin McDowell vs. CS Gen. Joseph Johnston • US troops initially winning • CS counterattack led by Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson sends US fleeing back to Washington, DC • Ended the illusion of a short war • Peninsula Campaign (March 1862) • Gen. George McClellan replaced Gen. McDowell • Pressured to make a move invaded Virginia • Stopped by Gen. Robert E. Lee & was ordered back after 5 mos. • Replaced by Gen. John Pope Battle of Mill Springs • Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 19, 1862 • US Gen. George Thomas vs. CS Gen. George Crittenden • Confederates defeated & forced out of Kentucky • CS General Felix Zollicoffer killed • Enabled US to carry war into Tennessee Civil War Battles • Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson, Kentucky, February 1862 • US Gen. U.S. Grant captured both forts • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant Civil War Battles • Monitor vs. Merrimac (March 1862) • Clash of the Ironclads • Shiloh, Tennessee (April 6-7, 1862) • US Gen. Grant vs. CS Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston & Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard • Gen. Johnston mortally wounded • US victory after reinforcements arrived under Gen. Buell • US casualties 13,000, CS casualties 11,000 • Second Manassas or Second Bull Run, VA, (August 1862) • CS Gen. Lee vs. US Gen. Pope • CS victory • Antietam, Maryland (September 22, 1862) • Lee’s first advance into northern territory • Hoped a victory in the North would gain recognition & support from Britain • US Gen. McClellan was once again in command • Knew CS plans b/c a CS gen. had dropped them • Single bloodiest day in American military history • Over 22,000 killed or wounded • US claims victory after CS army retreats to VA • McClellan replaced by Lincoln for not pursuing Lee—”bad case of the slows” • Replaced by Gen. Ambrose Burnside • Lincoln uses victory to issue Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Fredericksburg December 1862 • US Gen. Burnside vs. CS Gen. Lee • Burnside recklessly attacks entrenched CS army • 12,000 US casualties vs. 5,000 CS casualties • Robert E. Lee: "It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it." Perryville, KY (October 8, 1862) • CS Gen. Braxton Bragg vs. US Gen. Don Carlos Buell • CS offensive into Kentucky • US victory Foreign Affairs • CS needed foreign support • Counting on Britain & France’s dependence on “King Cotton” • British aristocracy wanted American democracy to fail • Why Cotton Diplomacy failed – Europe found other sources of cotton • Wool & linen also used as alternatives – CS defeat at Antietam – Emancipation Proclamation Trent Affair • CS diplomats James Mason & John Slidell on a mission to Britain aboard British steamer the Trent • US warship stopped the Trent, removed Mason & Trent, & brought them to the US as POWs • Britain demanded their release & threatened war • Lincoln acquiesced • They went to Britain; their mission failed Confederate raiders • CS purchased warships • • • from Britain CS commerce-raiders effective against US merchant ships CSS Alabama captured 60 ships before being sunk Britain paid the US $15.5 million after the war for damages caused Slavery Slavery Lincoln was reluctant to free slaves during the war – Keep support of border states – Constitutional protections of slavery – Prejudices of northerners – Fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election Confiscation Acts May 1861, US Gen. Benjamin Butler refused to return slaves to southerners calling them “contraband of war” Confiscation Act, 1861 – Used legal basis of the power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the US – Thousands of “contrabands” fled to Union camps Second Confiscation Act, July 1862 – Freed slaves of persons engaged in rebellion against the US – Empowered the president to use freed slaves in the Union army in any capacity Emancipation Proclamation After Antietam, Lincoln warned that slaves in all states still in rebellion on 1/1/1863 would be “then, thencefoward, and forever free.” Justified by calling it a military necessity It listed each state in rebellion & stated: – …I do order & declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states are, & henceforward shall be, free; & that the Executive Government of the US, including the military & naval authorities thereof, shall recognize & maintain the freedom of said persons. Consequences No slaves were immediately freed – Only applied to states out of Union control Slavery continued in border states Committed US gov’t. to a policy of abolition Enlarged purpose of the war – Fighting slavery as well as secession & rebellion Added weight to the Confiscation acts – Number of slaves fleeing to Union lines increased Authorized the recruitment of freed slaves as Union soldiers th 13 Amendment This amendment to the Constitution was needed to free slaves in the border states due to phrases in the Constitution that seemed to legitimize slavery Ratified in December 1865 “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exit within the U.S., or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Freedmen After the Emancipation Proclamation about one quarter of slave population walked away & sought the protection of the Union army Almost 200,000 served in the Union army & navy Segregated into all black units – 54th Massachusetts “Glory” Chancellorsville, VA (April 1863) • CS Gen. Lee vs. US Gen. Joseph Hooker • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson mortally wounded by his own men • CS victory • Lee’s greatest victory Turning Point of the war • Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1-3, 1863) • CS Gen. Lee vs. US Gen. George Meade • Lee’s second invasion of the North • Hoped to force the North to call for peace or obtain foreign intervention • Largest battle of the Civil War • Casualties: 23,000 Union, 28,000 Confederate • Last offensive for the CS army • US victory • Vicksburg, Mississippi (July 4, 1863) • US Gen. Grant laid siege • US victory, Union gains control of the Mississippi River Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Lincoln moved Grant West in 1864 • Given command of entire Union army • Grant’s plan was to outlast Lee in a war of attrition Sherman’s March • US Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman • Led 100,000 men from Chattanooga, TN across GA & up into SC leaving a path of destruction • Destroyed everything in their path—cotton fields, barns, houses, etc. • Total war − Wanted to break the will of the people • Captured Atlanta in Sept. ’64 in time to help Lincoln get reelected Sherman’s March • Presented Lincoln with Savannah, GA 12/25/64 • Set fire to Columbia, SC in Feb 1865 • “War is hell” Election of 1864 Democrats nominated Gen. George McClellan Platform: peace Unionist party (Republicans) nominated Lincoln with loyal Democrat Sen. Andrew Johnson as running mate Party changed name to attract “War Democrats” Lincoln won electoral votes 212/21 McClellan did get 45% of popular vote End of the war • Spring 1865 • Effects of Union blockade & Sherman’s march were taking their toll • Grant continued to outflank Lee • April 3, 1865 Richmond, VA fell • CS tried to negotiate for peace • Lincoln wanted restoration of Union & Davis wanted independence Appomattox Court House, VA Lee surrendered to Grant April 9, 1865 Grant gave Lee generous surrender terms Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Lincoln was at Ford’s Theatre watching “My American Cousin” A coconspirator attacked Sec. of State William Seward The North was outraged Effects of the War Politics Republicans had majorities in both houses but were divided Moderates (Free-Soilers) Radicals—who wanted immediate abolition Most Democrats supported the war but criticized Lincoln’s conduct of it Peace Democrats (Copperheads) opposed the war & wanted peace Congressman Clement Vallandigham, Ohio, briefly banished for his pro-Confederate speeches Civil Liberties Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland & other states where pro-Confederate sentiment was high People could be arrested without being charged with a crime indefinitely About 13,000 people were arrested on suspicion of aiding the enemy Democrats called Lincoln a tyrant Ex Parte Milligan (1866) Supreme Court ruled the government had acted improperly in trying civilians in military courts Conscription US Conscription Act (March 1863) all men between 20 & 45 liable for military service but could find a substitute or pay a $300 exemption fee Strong opposition from poor laborers July 1863 draft riots in New York City Led mostly by Irish Americans against blacks & wealthy whites Federal troops had to restore order Both North & South had to use the draft New York Draft Riots Financing the war North Borrowed $2.6 billion through the sale of bonds Raised tariffs (Morrill Tariff Act, 1861) Excise taxes First income tax Issued over $430 million in paper currency (greenbacks) Caused inflation—prices rose about 80% Republican legislation Morrill Tariff Act (1861) raised tariff rates to raise revenue & protect US businesses Homestead Act (1862) promoted settlement of the Plains; offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who would farm it for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural & technical colleges National Banking System (1863)—to manage revenue Effects on women Field of nursing was opened up to women for the first time Clara Barton (right) Responsibilities taken on by women during the war gave impetus to the suffrage movement 4 million slaves freed 620,000 people died $15 billion in war costs & property losses Devastated the economy of the South Transformed the US into a modern industrial society