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THE CIVIL WAR
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR:
FORT SUMTER, 1861
THE FORT,
LOCATED IN
CHARLESTON
HARBOR, SOUTH
CAROLINA, WAS
THE UNION’S
PROPERTY SO
WHEN THE
CONFEDERATE
ARMY ATTACKED,
IT WAS AN ACT OF
WAR
THE WAR BEGINS -- FT. SUMTER, SC
• Rebels took this
federal fort on
April 12, 1861
• Stirred feelings of
nationalism in
both sides - both
began forming
armies
• 4 more states
seceded after this
attack: AR, NC,
TN, VA
Border States – slave states
that remained in Union:
MD, KY, DE & MO
(eventually WV also)
Lincoln established “martial
law” to keep them
The Leaders
Story of the
Bonnie Blue Flag
• 16TH U.S. President
• 23 STATES in Union
• CAPITAL - WASHINGTON,
D.C.
• PURPOSE FOR WAR:
PRESERVATION OF THE
UNION
– see secession as rejection
of democracy
– Why not a war against
slavery yet?
• Jefferson Davis, President
• 11 states in CSA
• Capital - Richmond, VA
(originally Montgomery)
• Purpose for War: protect
states’ rights
– right of selfdetermination
• Will be charged with
treason at war’s end
President Lincoln’s Cottage at the
Soldier’s Home


During the Civil War, President Lincoln and his family resided here from
June to November of 1862, 1863, and 1864.
Founded in 1851 as a home for retired and disabled veterans of
American wars, the Soldiers’ Home stood on 250 acres atop the third
highest area in the District of Columbia. Like President Buchanan before
him, Lincoln enjoyed the cool breezes and refreshing peace of the
Soldiers’ Home which was three miles north of downtown. But unlike his
predecessor, Lincoln could not escape the Civil War and his burden of
leadership even while at this seasonal retreat.
Uniforms
At the beginning of the Civil War, uniforms were provided by
individual states who chose a variety of colors for their
uniforms. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield and
often to soldiers firing on their own men. As the war went on,
both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. The
Confederates choosing grey while the Union selected blue.
ADVANTAGES
NORTH
SOUTH
• POPULATION - 22 million vs. S • MILITARY
LEADERSHIP with 9 million (& 3.5 are slaves)
strong military
• INDUSTRY - more than 80% of
traditions with
manufacturing
many officers
• TRANSPORTATION - ships &
trained at West Pt.;
railroads (22,000 mi.)
Southerners “bred
• AGRICULTURE - most of grain
to fight”
crops & meat
• MILITARY
• GOVERNMENT –already in
STRATEGY place; strong central gov’t
defensive strategy
• FINANCING – extensive banking
only & fighting on
system already in place
familiar territory
• LINCOLN’S WAR MACHINE!
The Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
William T. Sherman
George Meade
George B. McClellan
Robert E. Lee
Thomas Stonewall
Jackson
James Longstreet
James E.B. Stuart
UNION ARMIES
• Much trial and error in
generals before ultimately
commanded by GEN.
ULYSSES S. GRANT
• Why so hard for Lincoln to
find a commander?
• ARMIES named after rivers
(“Army of the Potomac”)
• BATTLES named after
closest body of water
(“Antietam,” “Bull Run”)
CONFEDERATE ARMIES
ROBERT E. LEE declined
Lincoln’s offer to lead
U.S. troops after VA’s
secession
ARMIES were named
after regions (such as
Lee’s “Army of the
North”)
BATTLES were named
after the closest
settlement (for example,
“Sharpsburg, Manassas”)
UNION / YANKEE STRATEGY
ANACONDA PLAN:
•BLOCKADE Southern ports
•Keeps foreign aid out
•Ruins South’s economy
•Send gunboats down MS River to cut off flow of
supplies & divide S
•Capture Memphis, Vicksburg, New Orleans
•Capture the Capital of Richmond
•Exhaust S’s resources, forcing surrender
•Once Grant in command – “TOTAL WAR”
CONFEDERATE / REBEL STRATEGY
• DEFENSE!
• Initially, South had most
victories
• Alliance Attempts
– With Britain and France
– Required South to show it had a chance to win.
– Attacks into Union territory to draw Union
troops away from the South and to impress
potential allies
• As war goes on, strategy is:
– evading the Union army
– keeping the war going as long as possible, while inflicting
casualties to demoralize the North.
• A diplomatic crisis that took place between the U. S. and Great
Britain from November to December 1861
• Captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two
Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship,
the Trent, in order to seek support for the South in the Civil
War.
• The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were outraged
and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was
a violation of international law. Ultimately Lincoln released the
envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain.
FINANCING
UNION
• Income tax (3% on
incomes over $800 collected $667
million)
• Direct tax on states
• Loans - over $2.2
billion
• Issuing “greenbacks”
($431 million) leads to inflation
• Tariffs
• Cost of living doubled
in N by end of War
THE WAR
CONFEDERACY
• Blockade is major
issue
– no $ through tariffs
– supplies difficult
• Income tax & excise
taxes - (covers only
2% of needs)
• Loans - borrowed
$712 million
• Printing paper $ over $1.5 billion
UNION
POLITICS
• Republicans - large majorities in both Houses
• Party positions on slavery:
– DEMOCRATS - leave it alone
– COPPERHEADS (Peace Democrats) - want peace at
any cost; anti-war
– RADICAL REPUBLICANS - total = rts. for blacks; led
by Sen. Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens in House
– MODERATE REPUBLICANS - no slavery but not in
favor of equal rights
• Lincoln suspends individual rights such as….
Weapons of the Civil War
Canister Shot
Artillery Projectile
Rifled Barrel
Officer’s Sword
Springfield Rifle, 1861
(Union)
While the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
Minié ball
British Enfield Rifle, 1853
(Confederacy)
While the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
First Modern War
• Better guns and
bullets
• Gatling Gun
• Better Artillery
• Submarine
• Ironclads
• Telegraph
• Balloons
World’s First
Combat Submarine
Tragic story of the H.L. Hunley
BATTLE OF BULL RUN
The “Picnic Battle”
The “Great Skedaddle” • July 186l
Sullivan Ballou
• Bull Run Stream / Manassas, VA
(near Washington, D.C.)
• North after Richmond - expecting
a short war - McDowell
• South – under Beauregard starting to retreat…except
Stonewall Jackson – got his
nickname here
• Jackson kept fighting,
reinforcements showed up &
SOUTH WINS decisively
• North panicked / ran back to DC
• McDowell fired; McClellan hired
• North realizes it will not be a
short & quick war
Clara Barton & the
Red Cross
• Clara Barton's civil war work
began in April 1861. After
Bull Run, she worked to
obtain and distribute supplies
to wounded soldiers and had
special permission to travel
freely behind the lines and
put herself in danger.
• Common sense practices:
triage, clean bandages,
everyone trained in basic
first aid.
• 20,000 women become
nurses
• She founded the Red Cross
in 1861 to provide
emergency relief in disasters
and times of war and served
as director until her death
MONITOR vs. MERRIMACK
March 1862
Merrimack (S) was 1st ironclad ship -the Virginia
Monitor (N) is first U.S. iron ship
Merrimack attacking in Chesapeake Bay –
- major damage to Union wooden ships
Monitor arrives next day
Battle of the Ironclads – first time in
history
Neither side “wins” but
NORTH regains control of Chesapeake Bay
SUPERIORITY OF IRON SHIPS SHOWN!
• April 1862
• TN & MS borders
• North on way to Corinth,
MS - rail center
• Surprise attack by South
• Terrible, bloody 2-days
with extremely high
casualties
BATTLE OF
SHILOH
– more in 2 days than all
battles of Rev. War, War of
1812 & Mexican War
combined!
• U.S. Grant for North &
Johnston for South
• Grant allows S to retreat;
gets demoted
• War no longer seen as
“romantic” test of courage
NORTH WON … but
Grant realizes the only
way the war will be
won is by total
conquest of South
BATTLE OF BULL RUN
-- II
• August 1862
• Same Place - Bull Run Stream,
VA (near Washington, D.C.)
• South led by Lee & Jackson
• North led by Pope (McClellan
demoted after 7 Days Battles
attempting to take Richmond but gets command again after
Pope loses Bull Run II)
• SOUTH WON again
• Significance: Gen. Lee is now
encouraged to invade the
North
Gen. Stonewall Jackson
ANTIETAM Single Bloodiest Day
In U.S. History!
EFFECT:
Lincoln issues the
Emancipation
Proclamation
 September 1862 at Antietam
Creek, Sharpsburg, MD
 Lee has invaded the North
hoping for victory that will
give European support
 McClellan found Lee’s plans
wrapped around cigars &
attacked Lee’s divided
forces
 S lost 11,000 & N lost
13,000 in one day!
 NORTH “WON” since Lee
retreated back to VA (but …
& McClellan fired for good)
 North doesn’t have another
major victory for a year!
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
September 22, 1862
• Abolition pressure by
1862
– Radicals abolished
slavery in DC,
then territories
– Confiscation Act freed all slaves
owned by persons
in rebellion
against US
• Why did Lincoln resist
emancipation?
• His preference?
• Finally issued it - WHY?
• Applies where?
• How is it different from
Confiscation Act?
• Impact in South? In
North?
• Result when slaves are
later freed in South?
Emancipation in 1863
Fredericksburg
December 13, 1862
• After ANTIETAM, the SOUTH WINS two major
victories in Virginia under Generals Lee & Jackson
• Fredericksburg - December 1862.
• Union Gen. Burnside delayed for more than 2 weeks
due to late supplies – Confederate Gen. Lee
positioned his army, deploying snipers to easily pick
off Federal troops. Burnside retreats with the
remnants of his army – fired by Lincoln.
Chancellorsville
May, 1863
•
•
•
North’s Gen. Hooker lost 17,000 men to an
army half his size (Hooker then fired)
South’s Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed at
this battle – by “friendly fire”
Lee is encouraged to try invading the North
again
The Road to Gettysburg:
1863
The Road to Gettysburg:
1863
GETTYSBURG
July 1-3, 1863
 South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76,000
 North - General Meade – 92,000 men
 South takes town & force North to high ground
South spends next 2 days trying to take the position
NORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses
South lost 10,000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone
South - 28,000 lost; North – 23,000 lost
TURNING POINT - loss from which the South could
never recover
Lee’s 2nd & final invasion of the North
 Lee retreated on July 4, 1863
 Again, Meade doesn’t pursue – 2 more years of war!
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg Casualties
GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL SERVICES
Thursday, November 19, 1863
The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
The speech contains
only 272 words, but is
considered by most
historians to be one of
the greatest speeches
in American History.
Click on pic to hear Lincoln’s Address
VICKSBURG - May 2-July 4, 1863
• Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the
North
• North is seeking full control
of the Miss. River & Grant
had made 5 attempts to
capture Vicksburg
• Grant surrounds the city &
bombards them for more
than 6 weeks ---• starves them out
• NORTH WINS – significance?
• now has total control of
the MS River
• has cut the S in two -- cut
off from TX & AR, its major
food source
THE CIVIL WAR ON THE
HOMEFRONT
Economies
CONFEDERATES
• Inflation; high prices
• Collapse of South’s
transportation
• Little industry
• Many food shortages –
led to food riots
• Southern morale down
UNION
• Booming economy
• Growing industry –
troops well supplied
• Many women workers
– Invention of sewing
machine by Elias Howe
• Agricultural technology
BLACKS IN THE MILITARY
Recruiting Poster
• Many join Union army &
navy after the Emancipation
Proclamation
• Jan. 1863 – MA Governor
establishes one of first black
regiments
• 54th Massachusetts – led by
Colonel Robert Gould Shaw,
25 year old son of wealthy
white, Boston abolitionists
• Union, however, was
reluctant to let them fight
and will use them primarily
in what way?
-manual labor
BLACK SOLDIERS
GET THEIR
CHANCE!