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Transcript
Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction The Problems Of Peace Major questions facing the country How would the liberated Blacks be converted to free citizens How would southern states be reintegrated into the Union Who would direct reconstruction, the President or Congress What to do with confederate leaders? Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s 10% Plan. One, CS state could rejoin the union when 10 percent had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. Two, formally elect a state government. Also, a state legislature could write a new constitution, Three, abolish slavery forever. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments. This policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. Congress Reacts Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s approach. Congressional Republican theory? Who in charge of readmission?. Radical Republican Goals. Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 Re-admittance for former Confederate states - a majority in each state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy Major Problems In The South Social and economic system had collapsed. Key Southern cities were devastated. Banking system had collapsed under run-away inflation. Factories were destroyed Transportation system completely broken down Agriculture, major economic force of the south, totally collapsed. Southern rich were suddenly much poorer. Many Southerners were beaten but still defiant and were not yet emotionally prepared to reintegrate with the north. Freedmen Define Freedom Immediately after war, freedom for Blacks depended on where the army was Some in South rejected validity of Emancipation Proclamation Reaction of Blacks Blacks hit the road Black schools Black churches The Freedmen’s Bureau Congress creates the Freedmen’s Bureau March, 1865. Purpose? Gen Oliver Howard Greatest success? Failed to provide land, as authorized Blacks and labor contracts Freedmen’s Bureau School Johnson: The Tailor President He had started from very humble beginnings. Never attended school. Enters politics in Tenn. Champion of poor whites and mountain whites. Slaveholder and Unionist Hero in North he refused to secede with Tenn. Forced to flee Tennessee Honest, uncompromising, hated planter class Johnson: The Tailor President Appointed War Governor after Tenn. partially redeemed by Union Army. Appointed VP when Lincoln needs to cement the Union Party and keep the vote of border states and Union democrats. Dogmatic believer in State’s Right and the Constitution. Hero Andy Jackson. Johnson’s Pan for Reconstruction Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s 10% plan. He recognized several 10% governments. Introduced his plan 8/1865. Disenfranchised southerners with property over $20,000. They could petition him for a pardon called for special state conventions to repeal declarations of secession, repudiating confederate debts and ratifying 13th Amendment prohibiting slavery How does Congress React? Why? Black Codes New states passed Black Codes To control the labor, migration and other activities of newlyfreed slaves. Reflected the unwillingness of whites to accept blacks as equals and their fears that freedmen would not work unless coerced Consequences For blacks politically Congressional Reconstruction 1865. States readmitted by Johnson start sending Congressmen to Washington. Many are former Confederate politicians and Generals. Republicans outraged by the “whitewashed Confederates” Republicans do not want to share power, Passed Homestead Act Morrill Tariff Pacifci Railway Act Legal Tender Act This sets up a monumental showdown with Johnson Johnson Clashes With Congress Johnson reacts strongly to Congress What is his concern? Johnson announces that South had satisfied his conditions and Union was restored. Vetoed extension of Freedman’s Bureau. Civil Rights Act. the act proclaimed "that all persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States." Second, the act specifically defines the rights of American citizenship: Such citizens, of every race and color, and without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, ... shall have the same right in every state and territory in the United States, Johnson vetos the bill. Fourteenth Amendment Congress overrides the veto Congressional Radical Republicans moved quickly to establish black civil rights in an amendment to the Constitution. (1866) The Fourteenth Amendment became a bundle of civil rights initiatives. The soul of the amendment declared that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens, that no state could alter "the privileges or immunities of citizens" nor could they deprive "any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.“ Southern states (except Tenn refuse to ratify) Johnson’s Back-firing Campaign 1866 Johnson and Congress battle over whether reconstruction would continue with or without the 14th Amendment. The battle-ground became the Congressional elections. Johnson hoped for a majority in favor of his soft approach. Republicans sought a congress that was vetoproof. Johnson goes on a “give-‘em-hell” campaign swing to try to marshal votes. Johnson’s efforts backfire. After the 1866 elections, the Radicals generally controlled Congress. Johnson vetoed 21 bills passed by Congress during his term, but the Radicals overrode 15 of them, including the Reconstruction Acts and Force Acts, which rewrote the election laws for the South and allowed blacks to vote, while prohibiting most leading whites from holding office. SWINGING AROUND THE CIRCLE WITH JOHNSON Republican’s In Charge Republicans now in the driver’s seat, but split between the radicals and the moderates. Radicals led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the house. The Republican Congress wants to insure a base of support in the South – four million black votes. Congress moves to insure former CS leaders are kept out of power. Military Reconstruction Reconstruction Act (March 1867) Disenfranchised many white southerners Stringent conditions for the readmission of the seceded states State Constitutions rewritten States required to ratify Fourteenth Amendment to come back in State constitutions must guarantee vote for slaves Stopped short of giving blacks land or requiring education. Military Reconstruction Act Fifteenth Amendment Proposed 1869; ratified 1870 The 15th Amendment forbids both the Federal and State governments from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or "previous condition of servitude," The amendment left the use of poll taxes and property or literacy tests to discourage blacks from voting, but northern states valued those qualifications for use against immigrants and indigents. Radical Reconstruction In The South Blacks voting, but many whites weren’t. Union Leagues – Republican party 14 Black Congressmen; 2 Black Senators. Height of black political power until mid 20th Century. Radical Regimes Armed State Militias (Black Troops) Constitutional conventions Public education Public works Graft Carpetbaggers and Scalawags. “Redeemer governments” Black elected Officials in the South Ku Klux Klan KKK (Invisible Empire of the South) Used intimidation, fear and force to intimidate clacks and carpetbaggers Undermined the civil rights given to blacks. Force Act The government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race. Hundreds of KKK members were arrested and tried as common criminals and terrorists. The first Klan was all but eradicated within a year of federal prosecution. Johnson Impeachment Radical Republicans frustrated with Johnson and out for his hide. Tenure in Office Act (1867). Provisions? Johnson wants to fire Edwin Stanton Constitutionality of act? House vote for impeachment Factors impacting the Senate vote The Purchase Of Alaska One of Johnson’s few successes was the purchase of Alaska. Why were Russians looking to unload Alaska? Sec. of State Seward agrees to purchase for 7.2 Mil in 1867. Dubbed Seward’s Folly. Why was US willing to purchase?