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Reconstruction Era-1865-1877 Do Now •If you were in charge of Reconstruction, how would you treat the returning South? (harsh, nice,etc.) •What would they have to do to rejoin the Union? Sherman “War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it. We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make young and old, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war!” Problems faced by the South Rebuild infrastructure – Towns/railroads/farms/factories etc. Re-organize political system What to do with the 4 million former slaves? What to do with the Confederate leadership? (Soldiers, generals, government?) Who should be in charge of the Reconstruction? (South, President, Congress?) How to rebuild the economy of the South? 3 Plans of Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan Andrew Johnson’s Plan Radical Republican Congress Plan Lincoln’s Plan “10% Plan” – President in charge of Reconstruction – When 10% of eligible voters from the 1860 election pledged an oath to the US, and agreed to Emancipation Proclamation, the state would be let back into the Union Good plan? Why is he is very lenient to South? – He felt they never left the Union, secession wasn’t legal, so be easy, it was a few crazies in the South that left, not the whole population of the South – Be nice= less hard feelings – Regain trust, loyalty of South – If the goal is the Reconstruct and bring the states back, this was a quick easy way to do it! If you fought in this war for the North, would you be happy with this plan? Lincoln Assassination Louisiana was 1st to agree to Lincoln’s plan, but Congress refused to seat the Louisiana delegates Congress tries Wade-Davis Bill, but Lincoln vetoes it Lincoln shot and killed, so his plan is dead also Johnson’s Plan Incorporates some of Lincoln’s plan, but a little tougher Parts – – – – Declare secession illegal Swear oath of loyalty Ratify 13th amendment Confederate leaders had to apply for pardons to Johnson directly – Southern states agree to repay their own debts Fair? Problems faced by Johnson as President Wasn’t elected Shadow of Lincoln the Emancipator He was from the South (Tennessee) He was a Democrat He was only Southerner who remained in Congress after secession of the South Traitor of the South? Johnson’s Impeachment Republicans despised Johnson and wanted to run Reconstruction “Sir Veto” Tenure of Office Act- 1867- President needed permission of Senate to remove any Presidential appointments (cabinet members!) Why is this aimed at screwing Johnson? – Lincoln leftover Stanton (war) Johnson removed Stanton, Congress impeaches Johnson – Violation of Tenure of Office Act – Verbal assaults on Congress – Conduct of “disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach 1st President to be impeached, but found not guilty by 1 vote (2/3rds needed) Affect of Impeachment President weakened Congress in charge of Reconstruction Altered checks and balances – Congress really strong – South not back yet – Texas vs. White- Supreme Court recognizes Congress power to run Reconstruction over Southern states – Northern Republicans in Congress probably the most powerful political entity in US history during Reconstruction!!!! Congressional Reconstruction Wade-Davis Bill – Congress in charge 13th/14th/15th Amendments Civil Rights Act 1866 – Tried to limit black codes Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – 5 military districts – Northern generals govern with almost king-like powers KKK Acts-1871 Civil Rights Act 1875- protects black rights in public places