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Reconstruction Ch 6.3 American History How was the South effected by the Civil War? South is destroyed Was the richest part of the nation…now the poorest Politically the South lost power Also the Democratic party lost power also. Who’s to blame for the war? Slaves? War of States Rights or Secession This is a humiliating and bitter defeat which they can not escape Add to that military occupation from the Union, and 4 million freedmen. George Ticknor … quote… Major Social Change Cities were destroyed Scars of war everywhere The social order is destroyed. No supplies left in the South. Reconstruction Lincoln began his planning in 1863, two years before the war was over. Lincoln believed in a generous peace, that this was the only way to preserve the Union. Lincoln goes public with his plan after the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg…it is called the 10% Plan The 10% Plan Amnesty Pardon all Southerners (expect high ranking Confederate officials) who swore allegiance to the Constitution and the new laws regarding slavery. When 10% of voters swore allegiance then the state is readmitted to the Union. Then they would write a new state constitution with the new slaves laws They must also provide education for the African Americans. Congress Disagrees Radical Republicans control congress. Want voting rights for the former slaves, they don’t trust the South, and they want to be able to dictate the peace. Separation of Powers Re-election a key issue, need their agenda pushed through. Congress’s Plan Wade-Davis Bill States must abolish slavery A majority of voters must take a loyalty oath Lincoln uses a Pocket-Veto on this bill. What are the four options a President has when he receives a bill? Sign it into law Veto and send it back to Congress Don’t sign, if Congress is session, after 10 days = law Don’t sign, if Congress not in session, after 10 day = dead Lincoln needs Congress support = that is why he doesn’t do an outright veto. Lincoln’s next move ??????? Who knows….he was killed before he could reveal his next/revised plan. So now Andrew Johnson is in charge. Andrew Johnson A Democrat…with pro-Union sympathies Former slaveholder from Tennessee Was against the abolitionist movement He was a supporter of the little guy…. Read Johnson’s Quote Johnson con’t. Johnson is prejudiced, opinionated, and unwilling to compromise…= not a good choice for President at this time. Republicans loved him… “hang the traitors” Another quote…. He earns the nickname “Mr. Veto” Johnson’s Plan Johnson became a flip-flop artist once he was President. He freely pardoned almost everyone and allowed lesser standards for readmission. States only had to nullify their acts of secession, abolish slavery, and refuse to pay Confederate war debts (which hurt the Southern economy even more) This allowed Confederate leaders to take charge of Reconstruction in the South. Some still wore their rebel uniforms!! Painful Humiliation Johnson became so lenient that he pulled troops out of the South to prevent the “painful humiliation” that the black soldiers were causing. This gave free reign to the Southern states. In fact Mississippi refused to ratify the 13th Amendment and Johnson still took them back into the Union. Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln Congress Johnson 10% Plan Wade-Davis Bill Generous/Flexible Peace Rigid Peace Easy or lazy peace Abolished slavery Abolished slavery Abolished slavery Freely pardon most Freely pardon most Freely pardon 10% Oath Majority oath Rules overlooked Occupation Occupation Stopped the “painful humiliation” Provide for Black Ed. New state Const. New state Const. Refuse to pay Confed. War debts Which plan was the best? Lincoln Northern Rep. Congress Radical Rep. (although moderates at first) Johnson Southern Dem. Cool head Former slaveholder Flexible, insightful Racist Best Option Pocket-Vetoed Worst Option 13th Amendment – Dec 6, 1865 Outlawed slavery Leads to black codes (eventually to Jim Crow Laws) These laws limited the freedoms of the former slaves. Examples; no meetings without whites, no travel without permit, no guns, curfew Blacks were a “disgrace to civilization” Black viewpoint “if you call this Freedom, what do you call Slavery?” Congress Congress was originally controlled by moderates. (Moderates held similar views to Lincoln.) However, once Lincoln died and Johnson took over their views were polarized. Thaddeus Stevens, a radical republican swayed the moderates to his side. Thaddeus Stevens “the whole fabric of society must be changed.” Equal rights for all, including voting rights. 40 acres and a mule – break up the plantations Freedman’s Bureau Sort of like a combination of the Red Cross, Goodwill, and the Salvation Army. Provides clothing, food, hospitals, schools, employment agency etc… Helps more whites than it does blacks…but is seen as directed towards the blacks. Set-up for a year – Congress extends its life Problems with the Bureau Kept the African Americans on the plantation Forced whites to recognize emancipation This is both good and bad. Johnson vetoes the Bureau, Congress reacts by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Basically all this did was say – if you are born in the U.S. = citizen Johnson vetoes again This act would “operate…against the white race.” Congress overrides the veto, passes the Freedmen’s Bureau again, Johnson vetoes again and is overridden again. 14th Amendment Citizenship for all people born on U.S. soil. Also denies the states to right to deprive anyone of “life, liberty, or property without the due process of law.” Unrest in the South Rioting…usually over racial issues becomes the norm in the South. Congress divides the South into military occupation zones to maintain order.