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Psychology Perception May 16, 2008 Focusing on 5 personality theories. • Psychodynamic (done last week) • Humanistic • Behavioral • Trait • Social Cognitive Humanistic • 2 theorists: Rogers and Maslow • Background: belief that each individual is unique with their differences. Carl Rogers • People are rational • Stressing the importance of conscious level to relation to rationality. • Coined the term: Unconditional Positive Regard Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) • Suggest that individual differences must be accepted. • UPR consists of acceptance, warmth, and any that could lead to positive self-regards / to make he or she feels good about him or herself. Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of needs and the striving for self-actualization. Self Actualization Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs Safety Needs Psychological Needs Behavioral • According to Behaviorists: BF Skinner, John Watson, personality is not observable because it’s unseen. • Behaviorists believe that our behaviors are influenced by our environment and surroundings. Why theories of Behavior are included for explaining Personality? What’s the connection? Trait Difference of Characteristic • Trait theorists view personality as consistent pattern of thought, feeling, and behavior that last quite some time and situations. • We’ll discuss: Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck. Allport (1897-1967) • Cardinal Trait: all-consuming characteristic that guides behavior. I.e: Power • Central Trait: one that influences behavior. I.e: Integrity, sense of respect. • Secondary Trait: Attitudes or Preferences. Eysenck (1916-1997) Personality Dimensions • Extraversion - Introversion (EI) • Neuroticism - Emotional Stability (N-ES) • Psychoticism - Impulse Control (P-IC) E-I • Extraversion: outgoing, social, open, focus on others. • Introversion: focus on self, thoughts and feelings, rather shy. N-EI • Neuroticism: Difficult to control emotions > anxious, low selfesteem. • Emotional Stability: Demonstrate control of emotion > calm. P-IC • Psychoticism: Difficult with impulse control > uncooperative, insensitive. • Impulse Control: Demonstrate control of impulse > warm, helpful. 5 Factor Model of Personality by Robert McRae and Paul Costa • Extroversion - talkative, active, confident, optimistic, sociable. • Agreeableness - generous, accommodating, warm, considerate, sympathetic. • Conscientiousness - competent, organized, consistent, responsible, ethical. • Emotional Stability - calm, even-tempered, not emotional, good manner. • Openness - introspective, deep, insightful, creative, sophisticated. Social Cognitive • Emphasize on the role of environment, social influence, and cognition on personality development. Julian Rotter (1916) • Consider locus control in relation with personality. • 2 types of locus control • Locus: particular position / place. 2 Types of Locus Control • Internal: we believe that we receive reinforcement (support) as a result of our own behavior. I.e: Salary increase caused by having overtime. • External: Receiving reinforcement as a result of something apart from ourselves, out of our control. I.e: Salary increase as Government regulation about minimum labor wage.
