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Social Psychology Ch. 19 Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations McElhaney Project: Create a typed, 35 item test. Include 15 matching, 15 fill in the blank, and 5 multiple choice items based on the reading handout chapter 18 or 19. (to be assigned) All work must be original and must include answer key with page number. Or you may create a podcast (*video) for one item related to this unit on Social Psychology Attitudes – Connected to actions – Connected to views of the world – Tastes, friendships and goals “Are a mixture between belief and emotions that predispose a person to respond to others in a positive or negative way.” Can be predicted Attitudes are expressed in 3 ways Belief about an object or issue Emotion=feelings Actions Attitude Formation Direct Contact: Interaction with others: Child Rearing: Group Membership: Mass Media: Chance conditioning: There is a contrast between public behavior and private attitudes. Factor of Immediate Consequence Some attitudes are acted on some not LaPiere- Study“Not Practicing What you Preach” Correlations between attitudes and behavior: Strength of attitude- the strength of the attitude increases or decreases behavior. Stability of attitude: change overtime – Stable attitudes are more predictable than one that changes Relevance of attitude to the behavior: – Attitudes will predict behavior much better if the attitude measured related as exactly as possible to the behavior of interest Salience of the attitude – Attitude is conspicuous, important, and readily accessible from memory – More Salience = more likely attitude will predict behavior. Situational Pressure: – External pressure is so great-internal attitudes will have little effect on behavior – Behavior is more influenced by external factors than internal attitudes LaPiere Study- found that strong situational pressure will override strength of attitude. Attitude Change Reference Group- is any group a person uses as standard for social comparison “who do you identify with?” When people change a Reference group they also change attitudes. Attitudes can be changed through role play- must include strong emotional experience Page 700 List of Conditions to Change Attitudes. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition= Thoughts Dissonance= clashing Contradicting and clashing thoughts cause discomfort We have a need for consistency in thoughts perceptions and images. We tend to reject new information that contradicts ideas we already hold. Cognitive Dissonance 2 When we make a bad decision We tend to convince ourselves that we’ve done the right thing Also a tendency to excuse in light of contradicting evidence… We tend to emphasize the positive aspects We try to minimize dissonance By justifying our bad choice Brain Washing = Psychological manipulation Forced Attitude change Requires captive audience Is temporary Pge. 703 lists the requirements: How To: Brain Washing 2 Target person is isolated form main reference group Target is made completely dependent on captors for needs Indoctrinating agent- is in a position to reward target for changes in attitude or behavior Make target completely helpless – – – – Physical and psych abuse Sleep deprivation Humiliation Isolation Target looses and or unfreezes formal values – Exhaustion, pressure, fear becomes unbearable Change occurs when target abandon’s all beliefs Target cooperates to gain relief Pairing hope and fear with pressure to conform – Refreezes new attitudes Jonestown Cult 1978 Jim Jones’ People’s Temple Jones was charismatic, persuasive leader Followers were Isolated, Intimidated, Obedient, committed and dependent Cults Leader is infallible Followers do not question Strategy- guilt manipulation, isolation, deception, fear, and escalating commitment High pressure 2.5 million people in cults Who Joins Cults?: Profile Distressed Mild depression, indecission Alienation from family and friends Need as sense of belonging Conversion strategies: Intense Affection- Understanding Isolate from people who are not cult members- family and friends – (former reference group) Isolate from former values Use drills, discipline, rituals – Wears people down physical and emotional resistance is reduced Discourages critical thinking Generates feelings of commitment Gets small commitment at first then encourages larger commitments Prejudice Discrimination Aggression Frustration Aggression Hypothesis Aversive Stimuli Aggressive Cues Social Learning, Aggression, and Bandura