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Perception, Personality, and Emotion Perception and Personality, and Emotions Questions for Consideration Questions for Consideration What is perception? What causes people to have different perceptions of the same situation? Can people be mistaken in their perceptions? Does perception really affect outcome? What is personality and how does it affect behaviour? Can emotions help or get in the way when dealing with others? Perception What is Perception? The process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Why Is it Important? Because people’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. Why We Study Perceptions We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events. We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality. The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution Factors Influencing Perception The Perceiver The Target The Situation Factors that Influence Perception The Situation • • • Time Work setting Social setting The Perceiver Perception The Target • Novelty • Motion • Sounds • Size • Background • Proximity • Attitudes • Motives • Interests • Experience • Expectations Perceptual Errors Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects Projection Stereotyping Attribution Theory When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Distinctiveness Does individual act the same way in other situations? Consensus Does individual act the same as others in same situation? Consistency Does the individual act the same way over time? Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others. Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Attribution Theory Observation Interpretation Distinctiveness (How often does the person do this in other settings?) Individual behaviour Consensus (How often do other people do this in similar situations?) Consistency (How often did the person do this in the past?) High (Seldom) Attribution of cause External Low (Frequently) High (Frequently) Low (Seldom) High (Frequently) Low (Seldom) Internal External Internal Internal External Additional Perceptual Errors Selective Perception People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes Halo Effect Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic Contrast Effects A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered Additional Perceptual Errors Projection Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of your perception of the group to which that person belongs Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality Determinants Heredity Environment Situation Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour The Big Five Model Sixteen Primary Personality Traits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Reserved Less intelligent Affected by feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid Tough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright Self-assured Conservative Group-dependent Uncontrolled Relaxed vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. Outgoing More intelligent Emotionally stable Dominant Happy-go-lucky Conscientious Venturesome Sensitive Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-sufficient Controlled Tense The Big Five Model Classifications Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Openness to Experience Big Five Personality Factors and Performance Big Five Personality Factor Relationship to Job Performance Relationship to Team Performance Extroversion * Positively related to job performance in occupations requiring social interaction * Positively related to training proficiency for all occupations * Positively related to team performance * Positively related to degree of participation within team Agreeableness * Positively related to job performance in service jobs * Most studies found no link between agreeableness and performance or productivity in teams * Some found a negative link between person’s likeability and team performance Conscientiousness * Positively related to job performance for all occupational groups * May be better than ability in predicting job performance Big Five Personality Factors and Performance Big Five Personality Factor Relationship to Job Performance Emotional Stability * A minimal threshold amount may be necessary for adequate performance; greater degrees not related to job performance * Positively related to performance in service jobs * May be better than ability in predicting job performance across all occupational groups Openness to Experience *Positively related to training proficiency Relationship to Team Performance *Data unavailable Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of Control Machiavellianism Self-Esteem Self-Monitoring Risk Taking Type A and Type B Personalities Locus of Control The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate Internals Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them Externals Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance Machiavellianism Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means Self-Esteem Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of themselves Self-Monitoring A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors Risk-Taking Refers to a person’s willingness to take chances or risks Type A Personality Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly. Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place. Strive to think or do two or more things at once. Cannot cope with leisure time. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. Type B Personality Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience. Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost. Can relax without guilt. THE END