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Perception, Personality,
and Emotion
Perception and Personality,
and Emotions
Questions for Consideration
Questions for Consideration
 What is perception?
 What causes people to have different perceptions




of the same situation?
Can people be mistaken in their perceptions?
Does perception really affect outcome?
What is personality and how does it affect
behaviour?
Can emotions help or get in the way when dealing
with others?
Perception
 What is Perception?
 The process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.
 Why Is it Important?
 Because people’s behaviour is based on their
perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
 The world as it is perceived is the world that is
behaviourally important.
Why We Study Perceptions
 We study this topic to better understand how
people make attributions about events.
 We don’t see reality. We interpret what we
see and call it reality.
 The attribution process guides our behaviour,
regardless of the truth of the attribution
Factors Influencing
Perception
 The Perceiver
 The Target
 The Situation
Factors that Influence
Perception
The Situation
•
•
•
Time
Work setting
Social setting
The Perceiver
Perception
The Target
•
Novelty
•
Motion
•
Sounds
•
Size
•
Background
•
Proximity
•
Attitudes
•
Motives
•
Interests
•
Experience
•
Expectations
Perceptual Errors
 Attribution Theory
 Selective Perception
 Halo Effect
 Contrast Effects
 Projection
 Stereotyping
Attribution Theory
 When individuals observe behaviour, they
attempt to determine whether it is internally or
externally caused.
 Distinctiveness
 Does individual act the same way in other situations?
 Consensus
 Does individual act the same as others in same situation?
 Consistency
 Does the individual act the same way over time?
Attribution Theory
 Fundamental Attribution Error
 The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of
internal factors when making judgments about the
behaviour of others.
 Self-Serving Bias
 The tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors while putting the blame
for failures on external factors.
Attribution Theory
Observation
Interpretation
Distinctiveness
(How often does the
person do this in
other settings?)
Individual
behaviour
Consensus
(How often do other
people do this in
similar situations?)
Consistency
(How often did the
person do this in
the past?)
High
(Seldom)
Attribution
of cause
External
Low
(Frequently)
High
(Frequently)
Low
(Seldom)
High
(Frequently)
Low
(Seldom)
Internal
External
Internal
Internal
External
Additional Perceptual Errors
 Selective Perception
 People selectively interpret what they see based on
their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
 Halo Effect
 Drawing a general impression about an individual
based on a single characteristic
 Contrast Effects
 A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with
other individuals recently encountered
Additional Perceptual Errors
 Projection
 Attributing one’s own characteristics to other
people
 Stereotyping
 Judging someone on the basis of your perception
of the group to which that person belongs
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and
interacts with others.
 Personality Determinants
 Heredity
 Environment
 Situation
 Personality Traits
 Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s
behaviour
 The Big Five Model
Sixteen Primary Personality
Traits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Reserved
Less intelligent
Affected by feelings
Submissive
Serious
Expedient
Timid
Tough-minded
Trusting
Practical
Forthright
Self-assured
Conservative
Group-dependent
Uncontrolled
Relaxed
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
Outgoing
More intelligent
Emotionally stable
Dominant
Happy-go-lucky
Conscientious
Venturesome
Sensitive
Suspicious
Imaginative
Shrewd
Apprehensive
Experimenting
Self-sufficient
Controlled
Tense
The Big Five Model
 Classifications
 Extroversion
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousness
 Emotional Stability
 Openness to Experience
Big Five Personality
Factors and Performance
Big Five Personality
Factor
Relationship to Job
Performance
Relationship to Team
Performance
Extroversion
* Positively related to job
performance in occupations
requiring social interaction
* Positively related to training
proficiency for all occupations
* Positively related to team
performance
* Positively related to degree of
participation within team
Agreeableness
* Positively related to job
performance in service jobs
* Most studies found no link
between agreeableness and
performance or productivity in
teams
* Some found a negative link
between person’s likeability and
team performance
Conscientiousness
* Positively related to job
performance for all occupational
groups
* May be better than ability in
predicting job performance
Big Five Personality
Factors and Performance
Big Five Personality
Factor
Relationship to Job
Performance
Emotional Stability
* A minimal threshold amount may
be necessary for adequate
performance; greater degrees not
related to job performance
* Positively related to performance
in service jobs
* May be better than ability in
predicting job performance across
all occupational groups
Openness to Experience
*Positively related to training
proficiency
Relationship to Team
Performance
*Data unavailable
Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
 Locus of Control
 Machiavellianism
 Self-Esteem
 Self-Monitoring
 Risk Taking
 Type A and Type B Personalities
Locus of Control
 The degree to which people believe they are
in control of their own fate
 Internals
 Individuals who believe that they control what
happens to them
 Externals
 Individuals who believe that what happens to them
is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance
Machiavellianism
 Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means
Self-Esteem
 Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of
themselves
Self-Monitoring
 A personality trait that measures an
individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to
external situational factors
Risk-Taking
 Refers to a person’s willingness to take
chances or risks
Type A Personality
 Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.
 Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take
place.
 Strive to think or do two or more things at once.
 Cannot cope with leisure time.
 Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success
in terms of how many or how much of everything they
acquire.
Type B Personality
 Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience.
 Feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments unless such
exposure is demanded by the situation.
 Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit
their superiority at any cost.
 Can relax without guilt.
THE END