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Social Psychology
David Myers
10e
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies
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Chapter Thirteen
• Conflict and Peacemaking
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What Creates Conflict?
• Social Dilemmas
– Social trap
• Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each
rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in
mutually destructive behavior
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What Creates Conflict?
• Social Dilemmas
– The “Prisoners Dilemma”
– “Tragedy of the
Commons”
• Non-zero-sum games
Figure 13.1
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What Creates Conflict?
• Social Dilemmas
– Resolving social dilemmas
• Regulation
– Safeguard the common good
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Make the group small
Communication
Change the payoffs
Appeal to altruistic norms
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What Creates Conflict?
• Competition
– Realistic group conflict
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Win-lose competition
Negative images of the other groups
Strong ingroup cohesiveness
Pride
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What Creates Conflict?
• Perceived Injustice
– People perceive justice as equity
• Distribution of rewards in proportion to individuals’
contributions
– If one contributes more and benefits less, he will feel
exploited
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What Creates Conflict?
• Misperception
– Of other’s motives and goals
– Seeds of misperception
• Self-serving bias
• Tendency to self-justify
• Fundamental attribution error
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What Creates Conflict?
• Mirror-Image Perceptions
– Reciprocal views of each other often held by
parties in conflict
• Example
– Each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other
as evil and aggressive
– Evil leader–good people perception
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What Creates Conflict?
• Simplistic Thinking
– When tension rises rational thinking becomes
more difficult
• Views of the enemy become more simplistic and
stereotyped
• Shifting Perceptions
– The same processes that create the enemy’s
image can reverse it when the enemy becomes an
ally
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Contact
– Predicts decreased prejudice
• Friendship
– Those who form friendships with outgroup members develop
more positive attitudes toward the outgroup
• Equal-status contact
– Contact on an equal basis
» To reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be
between persons equal in status
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Cooperation
– Common external threats build cohesiveness
– Superordinate goals foster cooperation
• Shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort
– Cooperative learning improves racial attitudes
– Group and superordinate identities
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Communication
– Bargaining
• Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct
negotiation between parties
– Tough bargaining may lower the other party’s expectations,
but can sometimes backfire
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Communication
– Mediation
• Attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by
facilitating communication and offering suggestions
– Integrative agreements
» Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties’ interests
to their mutual benefit
– Unravel misperceptions with controlled communications
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Communication
– Arbitration
• Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who
studies both sides and imposes a settlement
– Final-offer arbitration
» Motivates each party to make a reasonable proposal
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How Can Peace Be Achieved?
• Conciliation
– GRIT
• Acronym for “graduated and reciprocated initiatives in
tension reduction”—a strategy designed to de-escalate
international tensions
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