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Social Perception The ways in which people perceive on another Making Sense of Others: How you form your judgments Primacy & Recency Effects • Primacy Effect – Tendency to make an opinion on another person based on a first impression. – If 1st impression positive we’ll be more likely to get to know them. – We’ll interpret a person’s future behaviors more positively if their first impressions was a good one. • Recency Effect – when people change their opinions of others based on recent interactions with them. Person Perception* Mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others •This is an active & subjective process that occurs in a interpersonal context that has three components: •The characteristics of the person you are sizing up •Your own characteristics as a perceiver •The specific situation the process occurs in Social Categorization* • Mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics. • Much of it is automatic and spontaneous, and it often occurs outside conscious awareness • Categories are usually broad: gender, race, age, occupation. • Using social categories helps us mentally organize and remember info about others but may lead to inaccurate conclusions. It ignores a person’s unique qualities and makes a conclusion on very limited information. Prior Information Effects* • Mental representations of people (schemas) can effect our interpretation of them – Kelley’s study • students had a guest speaker • before the speaker came, half got a written bio saying speaker was “very warm”, half got bio saying speaker was “rather cold” • “very warm” group rated guest more positively than “rather cold” group Attribution: Explaining the Causes of Behavior Attribution Theory • We often explain behavior of others differently than we would our own behavior • People tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition or personality Situational Disposition • Attributing someone’s actions to the various factors in the situation Dispositional Attribution • Attributing someone’s actions to the person’s disposition, i.e. their thoughts, feelings, personality characteristics, etc. Effects of Attributions Attribution Can Lead to Errors • • • • • Fundamental attribution error Actor-observer discrepancy Blaming the victim (just-world hypothesis) Self-serving bias Self-effacing bias Fundamental Attribution Error • Explains how we view OTHER’S behaviors • The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to give too much weight to personality and not enough to situational variables • People tend to blame or credit the person more than the situation. • It is common in individualistic cultures Using Attitudes as Ways to “Justify” Injustice • Just-world bias* – a tendency to believe that life is fair, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get – it would seem horrible to think that you can be a really good person and bad things could happen to you anyway • Just-world bias leads to “blaming the victim”* – we explain others’ misfortunes as being their fault, – e.g., she deserved to be mugged, what was she doing in that neighborhood anyway? Actor-Observer Bias • Explains how we view our OWN behavior • Attribute personality causes of behavior when evaluating someone else’s behavior • Attribute situational when evaluating our own behavior • We tend to judge a person on their actions we see whether these are a true reflections of that person or not. • Why? – hypothesis 1: • we know our behavior changes from situation to situation, but we don’t know this about others – hypothesis 2: • when we see others perform an action, we concentrate on actor, not situation -- when we perform an action, we see environment, not person – See the Active Psych Demo for more info on this. Self-Serving Bias • Tendency to take the credit for successful outcomes of one’s own behavior • Unsuccessful outcomes blamed on external, situational causes beyond our control – Individualistic Cultures do this. Self-Effacing Bias* • Modesty bias - involves blaming failure on internal, personal factors, while attributing success to external, situational factors – Collectivist cultures do this. – Less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error – More likely to attribute the causes of another person’s behavior to external, situational factors rather than to internal, personal