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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY UNIT REVIEW
EXAMPLES
1. Social role
 Are defined as one of several socially defined
patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a
given setting or group
 We all serve many different social roles
EX: student, friend, child, co-worker
2. Matching hypothesis
 Attraction to people you perceive to be
about as attractive as you
 Ex: all of my friends look alike
3. Cognitive dissonance
 Conflicting thoughts/attitudes
 EX: You think beautiful people are
always very confident, then meet a
beautiful person with low self esteem
4. Fundamental attribution error
 The dual tendency to overemphasize personal traits
while minimizing situational forces
Ex:
 A car slams on his/her brakes in front of you.
You assume that individual is a poor driver.
When you slam on your brakes, you attribute it
to a bad road/poor conditions.
5. Self-serving bias
 An attributional pattern in which we take credit for our
successes but deny responsibility for failure
 Ex:
A= I do well on multiple choice tests (internal)
Low Grade= The professor tried to trick me
(external)
6. Groupthink
Ex:
 US invading Iraq over WMDs
 Challenger explosion
7. Deindividuation
Ex:
 Making nasty comments on the
internet under an alias
8. How new group members learn to fit
in
Ex:
 Observe social norms
 Observe the negative consequences of
other group members who violate social
norms
9. Matching hypothesis (ERTOA)
 The theory that most people will find friends and
mates that are perceived to be about their same
level of attractiveness
Ex: Two people considered the best looking
at work date each other
10. Expectancy -value theory (ERTOA)
Ex:
 Only entering relationships that you
think will be successful
11. Low self-esteem (ERTOA)
Ex:
 Will find a mates who devalues them
12. Inflated self-esteem(ERTOA)
Ex:
 Tries to normalize themselves for
others
13. Attraction and selfjustification(ERTOA)
Ex:
 Loyalty to a fraternity or sorority that
hazes you
 Marines and boot camp
DEFINITIONS
14. Script
 How you are to behave in a given
social role
15. Chameleon effect
 The tendency for people to mimic other
people
16. Social norms
 Unwritten rules of a group
17. Situationalism
 Assumes our environments, social cues, and
behavioral contexts effects our behaviors and
thought processes
 Ignores personality and genetic makeup
18. Conformity
 The tendency for people to adopt the behaviors,
attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group
19. Informational influence
 Believing a group or individual is
better informed than you
20. Normative influence
 Conforming in order to fit in with the
group
21. Bystander effect
 The # of bystanders predicts intervention
 You are more likely to receive help if you
call someone out or simply ask for help
 Is the result of the inaction of others
22. Social context
 The combination of people, interactions
of people, setting, and social norms of a
setting
23. Reward theory of attraction
 Most of us are attracted to people
who like us, with whom we share
interests, and with whom we
exchange gifts
24. Social reality
 An individual’s subjective
interpretation of other people and
relationships with them
25. Self-disclosure (RTOA)
 Feeling highly rewarded when we can
share a secret with someone without fear
of being exposed
26. Similarity (RTOA)
 We form relationships with
individuals who share our same
values and beliefs
27. Physical attractiveness (RTOA)
 Associating with individuals you
deem beautiful
28. Proximity (RTOA)
 Individuals tending to have the
strongest relationships with those
who they live closest to and see most
frequently
29. Social distance
 Perceived difference or similarity
between oneself and another person
 The greater the social distance, the
greater the potential for prejudice
30. Out-group
 Members of a group with a great
social distance from you
EXPERIMENTS AND RESEARCH
31. Stanford Prison
 Original purpose- study role and
relationships of prisoners and prison
guards
 The power of the situation influenced the
behavior
 Power of situation can lead good people
to do evil things
32. Asch- group pressure and
conformity
 Examined the impact of a group’s size
upon the impact of an individual
 Normative and informational
influence can prove stronger than
blatant evidence
33. Milgram
 Milgram interested in the rise of Hitler and OTA
 Concluded that people were obedient when the
victim was remote, the teacher was under direct
surveillance, and the authority figure had high
status
 Because someone else could be blamed, many
participants administered the shocks
 Unethical by modern standards
34. Robber’s cave
 Concluded that reducing conflict can
happen by finding common goals
with enemies
35. Kitty Genovese murder
 Was explained by diffusion of
responsibility as part of the
bystander effect
Also…Study the three core concepts of
the unit
1. We adapt our behaviors to the demands of the social
situation, and in ambiguous situations we take our cues
from the behavior of others in that setting.
2. The judgments we make about others depends not
only on their behavior but also on our interpretation of
their actions within a social context
3. The power of the situation can help us understand
violence and terrorism, but a broader understanding
requires multiple perspectives that go beyond
boundaries of traditional psychology