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IB Chapter 4: Sociocultural Level of Analysis Ms. Freeman IB Psychology Ethics of Sociocultural Research 1) Social Psychology often involves deception 2) Informed consent is desired, but if using deception, informed consent might negatively influence study outcomes 3) Participants may be debriefed at the end of the study 4) Be careful not to lower someone’s self- efficacy Define the Terms “Culture” and “Cultural Norms” • Matsumoto and Juang define culture as “ a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations that allows the group to meet basic survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life” • Heider says that culture is learned and shared; it is not inherited • Enculturation– how children go about learning the practices of a culture; narratives are the primary way children learn about their culture • Ethnocentrism– people treat their own culture as if it was the model by which all cultures should be judged •Cultural Relativism— helps minimize ethnocentrism; does not mean accept everything or think all cultural practices are correct. Others can be right Who and Where do you learn cultural norms? Using 1 or more examples, explain “Etics” and “Emics” Etics– universal behaviors Emics – cultural specific behaviors Research Study • Rashda Tabassum and colleagues (2000) conducted an interview study where they compared emic definitions of depressive symptoms from Pakistanis living in the United Kingdom with the existing predominant etic descriptions used by Western psychiatrists treating them • The study explored women’s mental health needs and clarified inconsistencies about the frequency of mental disorder, attitudes toward mental disorder, and attributions contributing to attitudes about mental illness. There was a concern that Western etics dominated how data was collected in the past and dictated how Pakistanis were viewed either mentally healthy or unhealthy Using 1 or more examples, explain “Etics” and “Emics” Research Study cont…. • 1st and 2nd generation Pakistani women who lived in poor UK • 3 different languages; English, Urdu, Punjabi • Hard to get sample because interviews would meet in family group settings (males would not typically let females meet alone with researcher) •Only 7 families would allow researcher to record, making transcription difficult • Questions about: perception of causes fro mental disorder, help- seeking behavior, family perceptions and reaction to mental disorder, and the community status of people with a mental disorder •Difficulty in translating the questions because Western symptoms did not always directly translate and the Pakistani culture had some different ways of conceptualizing mental disorder Using 1 or more examples, explain “Etics” and “Emics” Tabassum and colleagues results • Participants were fairly knowledgeable about Western etic mental health models •63% viewed aggression as a main symptom of abnormality • Pakistani culture is collectivist and emphasize politeness in social behavior, so aggressive displays are viewed as abnormal, more important than anxious or depressed symptoms •Many of the other identified causes of mental disorder were similar to those from Western models, with 63% emphasizing stress as a primary factor. •Remember: stress is an etic, though there are emic features of how the Pakistani display stress • 25% attributed mental disorders to super natural causes and 35% believed in faith healers •Families should cope with mental health; hospitalization was a last resort •Reluctant to discuss intimate family matters Describe the Role of Situational and Dispositional Factors in Explaining Behavior Dispositional Factors– mood, personality traits, values, intentions; internal. People automatically try and create stable unchanging explanations about behavior. Situational Factors– external; physical, role, rule, norm, and law constraints. Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Discuss 2 Errors in Attributions Attributions– help us understand others’ intentions; is essential to how people explain things that happen, it gives us a sense of order and control Correspondence Bias • Elliot Aronson and colleagues write that the most common schema people have to judge anothers’ behavior is a correspondence bias, that behavior matches a person’s disposition. •Correspondence bias also known as the “fundamental attribution error” How can we explain correspondence bias? • We tend to focus on the person rather than a situation, called perceptual salience; perceptual salience refers to one’s visual point of view •Salience– the most important or striking feature •It is possible to see the person aqnd infer from how they look, speak, and behave. Discuss 2 Errors in Attributions Correspondence Bias: Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic • Attributions begin with an anchoring position, which is generally the focus of their immediate attention; what is perceptually salient. But as more information becomes available, people should adjust their opinions. •Another reason is that expectations can distort perception, leading to a correspondence bias •Lastly, another cause is unrealistic expectations, where comparisons are made between what an individual thinks might happen in a situation with what someone else has done • Aronson and colleagues believe that attributions happen in a 2- step process • First impressions are anchored in dispositions, but then adjustments are made Discuss 2 Errors in Attributions Self Serving Bias Self- Serving Bias– people are more likely to attribute success to themselves, but place blame for failures on the situation When do you use self- serving bias? • When self worth is threatened •Impression Management; we behave in order to maximize the chance that we will make good impressions •When information is limited; without clear information about a situation, it is easier, and probably automatic, to make a dispositional judgment •People will protect themselves when necessary Explain the Formation of Stereotypes and Their Effect on Behavior • Having a stereotype does not directly lead to prejudice or discrimination. • Discrimination is the behavior that comes from prejudice. Fiske and Taylor divide stereotyping into 2 types blatant and subtle stereotyping Blatant Stereotyping– primarily controlled and conscious • Occurs when people identify with their in-group with controlled conscious social thinking •We have biases toward an in group and biases against out groups •Taken to the extreme, identifying with an in-group can lead to intense competition and aggression Explain the Formation of Stereotypes and Their Effect on Behavior Subtle Stereotyping– come from interpersonal conflicts; challenges our notions that all stereotypes reflect deliberate prejudice