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Transcript
Dispatch Answer the following (74-77) Fill in reflection sheet + review area Conference with Morris cont Maintaining homeostasis hormone 1 lowers body condition gland high specific body condition low raises body condition gland hormone 2 Negative Feedback Model http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire /content/chp50/5002002.html Hormone: Animation (ADH) • http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/ animation__hormonal_communication.html • Positive or negative feedback? Temperature Homeostasis • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conten t/chp41/41020.html Chapter 45 ~ Chemical Signals in Animals Endocrine system ~Hormones tropic hormones = target endocrine glands hypothalamus thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland posterior pituitary anterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Kidney tubules Muscles of uterus Adrenal cortex gonadotropic hormones: folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) Melanocyte in amphibian Bone and muscle Testes Ovaries Mammary glands in mammals Regulatory systems • • • • • Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages Target cells~ body cells that respond to hormones Endocrine system/glands~ hormone secreting system/glands (ductless); exocrine glands secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that secrete hormones Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and positive Regulation & Communication • Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation – endocrine system • system of ductless glands – – – – secrete chemical signals directly into blood chemical travels to target tissue target cells have receptor proteins slow, long-lasting response – nervous system • system of neurons – transmits “electrical” signal & release neurotransmitters to target tissue – fast, short-lasting response Regulation by chemical messengers • Neurotransmitters released by neurons • Hormones release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood receptor proteins receptor proteins target cell Lock & Key system Classes of Hormones • Protein-based hormones – polypeptides • small proteins: insulin, ADH – glycoproteins • large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH – amines • modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin • Lipid-based hormones – steroids • modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone insulin Mode of Action: Chemical Signaling • 1- Plasma membrane reception signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most hormones) • 2- Cell nucleus reception steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators • • Protein Hormone vs Steroid Hormone Give 3 differences between the 2 types of hormones (book pg 898) Sit by gender Xx <-Xy Today FRQ exit quiz + Benchmark Boogie at 2:05 pm Thursday—Plant Review all day Action of lipid (steroid) hormones steroid hormone target cell S S cytoplasm blood 1 S protein carrier cross cell membrane 2 binds to receptor protein becomes transcription factor 5 S 3 mRNA read by ribosome plasma membrane DNA 4 mRNA nucleus 6 protein 7 protein secreted ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes) signal-transduction pathway Action of protein hormones 1 protein hormone signal P binds to receptor protein plasma membrane activates G-protein activates enzyme cAMP receptor protein activates cytoplasmic signal cytoplasm target cell GTP acts as 2° messenger transduction ATP ATP activates enzyme 2 secondary messenger system activates enzyme produces an action 3 response Benefits of a 2° messenger system signal 1 Activated adenylyl cyclase receptor protein 2 Not yet activated amplification 4 3 GTP amplification cAMP amplification 5 G protein protein kinase 6 Amplification! amplification enzyme Cascade multiplier! FAST response! 7 amplification product Vertebrate Endocrine System • • • • • • • • • • Tropic hormones ~ hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target Hypothalamus~pituitary Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Gonads (ovary, testis) a Nervous & Endocrine systems linked • Hypothalamus = “master nerve control center” – nervous system – receives information from nerves around body about internal conditions – releasing hormones: regulates release of hormones from pituitary • Pituitary gland = “master gland” – endocrine system – secretes broad range of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body hypothalamus posterior pituitary anterior The hypothalamus & pituitary, I • • • • • • • • • • Releasing and inhibiting hormones Anterior pituitary: Growth (GH)~bones √gigantism/dwarfism √acromegaly Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk production Follicle-stimulating (FSH) & Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~ adrenal cortex Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain pain receptors The pituitary, II • The posterior pituitary: • Oxytocin~ uterine and mammary gland cell contraction • Antidiuretic (ADH)~ retention of water by kidneys The pineal, thyroid, & parathyroid • Melatonin~ pineal gland; biological rhythms • Thyroid hormones: Calcitonin~ lowers blood calcium Thyroxine~ metabolic processes • Parathyroid (PTH)~ raises blood calcium Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Calcium Feedback calcitonin kidney reabsorption of Ca++ thyroid Ca++ deposited in bones high blood calcium level Ca++ uptake in intestines (10 mg/100mL) low activated Vitamin D bones release Ca++ kidney reabsorption of Ca++ parathyroid parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulating metabolism • Hypothalamus – TRH = TSH-releasing hormone • Anterior Pituitary – TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone • Thyroid – produces thyroxine hormones – metabolism & development • • • • • • • bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure & heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction tyrosine + iodine thyroxines The pancreas • Islets of Langerhans • Alpha cells: •glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels • Beta cells: •insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels • Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder) • Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets) Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Sugar islets of Langerhans insulin beta islet cells liver stores glycogen body cells take up sugar from blood pancreas liver high blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) low triggers hunger liver releases glucose liver pancreas glucagon islets of Langerhans alpha islet cells reduces appetite The adrenal glands • Adrenal medulla (catecholamines): •epinephrine & norepinephrine~ increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure) • Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids): •glucocorticoids (cortisol)~ raise blood glucose •mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+ The gonads • Steroid hormones: precursor is cholesterol • androgens (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin • estrogens (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin • progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining growth QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.
