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Transcript
Endocrine System Overall Functions Regulatory System Maintains homeostasis internally Responds to environmental changes Growth and development Reproduction Glands Exocrine e.g. salivary glands Endocrine e.g. Thyroid gland Hormone Definition: A chemical messenger carried by bloodstream and made by endocrine glands. Structure Transport in body Action of hormones Target cell Receptors – Plasma membrane – Within target cell Second messenger (cAMP) Activation of genes Relationships To other hormones To nervous system Controls Negative Feedback Releasing hormones and Inhibiting hormones from Hypothalamus PITUITARY GLAND (Hypophysis) Location – in sella turcica of sphenoid bone Hormones of the Adenohypophysis Gonadotropins – FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone – LH/ICSH = Luteinizing hormone in female, Interstitial cell stimulating hormone in male Adenohypophysis TSH = Thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic hormone GH = Growth hormone Prolactin MSH = Melanocyte stimulating hormone (endorphins) Adenohypophysis Controls Inhibiting hormones and Releasing hormones Brain Negative feedback Neurohypophysis Infundibulum (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract) ADH = Antidiuretic hormone = Vasopressin Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Location Histology Follicles, colloid Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormone Iodine T4 (thyroxine – 90%) T3 (thriiodothyronine – 10%) TBG (thyroid binding globulin) Function Controls Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Tyrosine + Iodine Monoiodotyrosine + Iodine Diiodotyrosine 2 Diiodotyrosine Tetraiodothyronine = T4 = Thyroxine Thyroid Hormone Synthesis 1 Diiodotyrosine + 1 mono… Triiodothyronine = T3 Thyroid gland Calcitonin Parafollicular (C) Cells Decreases Ca and P Controls Parathyroid glands Location PTH (Parathromone) Increases Ca and decreases P Controls Adrenal gland Location Adrenal Medulla Chromaffin cells Epinephrine (80%) Norepinephrine (20%) Action Release Adrenal gland Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids – Zona glomerulosa – Aldosterone (90%) – Na reabsorption, K excretion in kidneys Aldosterone Release/Controls Renin, Angiotensin K/Na levels ACTH, CRH Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids – Zona fasciculata – Conserves and supplements energy – Anti-inflammatory – Release/Controls ACTH, CRH, Stress Adrenal cortex Sex hormones – Zona reticularis Pancreas Location Endocrine AND Exocrine Pancreatic islets = Islets of Langerhans Insulin Beta cells Lowers blood glucose Controls Glucagon Alpha cells Raises blood glucose Controls Somatostatin Delta cells Inhibits GH release Controls Blood glucose levels GI ANS Gonads Testes make androgens Ovaries make estrogen and progesterone TO BE DISCUSSED LATER Pineal Gland Location – Roof of third ventricle in brain Melatonin – Decreases reproductive activity Thymus Location – Mediastinum, above heart Puberty Immunity Thymic Hormone stimulates T cell maturation Prostaglandins Fatty acids Localized hormones Functions vary