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Endocrine (regulatory) System Chapter 45 Introductory Questions #3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Name the nine major endocrine glands found in the body. Which one ins called the “master gland”? Name three major local regulators that act on nearby target cells. (pgs. 947-948) Name three key molecules that play a role in the signal transduction pathway (typical reactions in the endocrine system). How is the anterior part of the pituitary gland different from the posterior part? Name the hormones secreted from each area. Which region secretes fewer types of hormones? Using the table on pg. 949, name the hormone(s) that: -Raises blood-calcium levels -maintains metabolic processes Vertebrate Endocrine System • • • • • • • • • • Tropic hormones ~ a hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target Hypothalamus~pituitary Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Gonads (ovary, testis) Regulatory Systems • • • • • Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into body fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages Target cells~ body cells that respond to hormones Endocrine system/glands~ hormone secreting system/glands (ductless); exocrine glands secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that secrete hormones Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and positive Local Regulators: cells adjacent to or near point of secretion • Growth factors ~ proteins for cell proliferation • Nitric oxide (NO) ~ neurotransmitter; cell destruction; vessel dilation • Prostaglandins ~ modified fatty acids secreted by placenta and immune system; also found in semen Mode of Action: Chemical Signaling • 1- Plasma membrane reception • signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most hormones) • 2- Cell nucleus reception • steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland • • • • • • • • • • Releasing and inhibiting hormones Anterior pituitary: Growth (GH)~bones √gigantism/dwarfism √acromegaly Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands; milk production Follicle-stimulating (FSH) & Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~ adrenal cortex Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain pain receptors Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Posterior Region of the Pituitary Gland • The posterior pituitary: • Oxytocin~ uterine and mammary gland cell contraction • Antidiuretic (ADH)~ retention of water by kidneys The Pineal, Thyroid, & Parathyroid • Melatonin~ pineal gland; biological rhythms • Thyroid hormones: Calcitonin~ lowers blood calcium Thyroxine~ metabolic processes • Parathyroid (PTH)~ raises blood calcium The Pancreas • Islets of Langerhans • Alpha cells: •glucagon~ raises blood glucose levels • Beta cells: •insulin~ lowers blood glucose levels • Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent; autoimmune disorder) • Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent; reduced responsiveness in insulin targets) The Adrenal Glands • Adrenal medulla (catecholamines): •epinephrine & norepinephrine~ increase basal metabolic rate (blood glucose and pressure) • Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids): •glucocorticoids (cortisol)~ raise blood glucose •mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)~ reabsorption of Na+ and K+ The Gonads • Steroid hormones: precursor is cholesterol – Androgens (testosterone) • sperm formation • male secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin – Estrogens (estradiol) • uterine lining growth • female secondary sex characteristics • gonadotropin – Progestins (progesterone) • uterine lining growth Ch. 45 Endocrine System: Systems in Balance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What organism does Dr. Hunt & Dr. Fry use to discuss and show how a toxic chemical affects hormone balance? How is a hormone defined in the video and how do these chemicals control metabolic activities in animals? What two structures in the brain does Dr. Catherine Rivier explore that relates to stress? How is the endocrine system similar to the nervous system? How do they interact? In the final segment name two methods scientists use to study the endocrine system and the effects of hormones? Important Text Pages: Pg. **Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment. The Gonads • Steroid hormones: precursor is cholesterol • androgens (testosterone)~ sperm formation; male secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin • estrogens (estradiol)~uterine lining growth; female secondary sex characteristics; gonadotropin • progestins (progesterone)~uterine lining growth QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. Homeostasis & Osmoregulation Chapter Let Sleeping Bears Lie • Bears don’t technically hibernate – They do enter a dormant state, when their body temperature drops by several degrees • Bears are endotherms – Endothermic animals derive most of their body heat from metabolism – Ectothermic animals warm themselves mainly by absorbing heat from their surroundings • Dormant bears have internal homeostatic mechanisms that compensate for fluctuations in the external environment – Thermoregulation maintains the body temperature within a tolerable range – Osmoregulation controls the gain and loss of water and dissolved solutes – Excretion is the disposal of metabolic wastes Heat is gained or lost in four ways • Body temperature regulation requires adjustment to heat gained from or lost to an animal’s environment Convection Radiation Evaporation Conduction Figure 25.1 • Hormonal changes may increase heat production by raising the metabolic rate – Fur and feathers help the body retain heat – Shivering, as these honeybees are doing, also increases metabolic heat production Figure 25.2A The liver is vital in homeostasis • It assists the kidneys by – making urea from ammonia – breaking down toxic chemicals Homeostasis: regulation of internal environment • Thermoregulation internal temperature • Osmoregulation solute and water balance • Excretion nitrogen containing waste • • • • • • Regulation of body temperature Thermoregulation 4 physical processes: Conduction~transfer of heat between molecules of body and environment Convection~transfer of heat as water/air move across body surface Radiation~transfer of heat produced by organisms Evaporation~loss of heat from liquid to gas • Sources of body heat: • • Ectothermic: determined by environment Endothermic: high metabolic rate generates high body heat • Regulation during environmental Torpor~ low activity; decrease in extremes metabolic rate • 1- Hibernation long term or winter torpor (winter cold and food scarcity); bears, squirrels • 2- Estivation short term or summer torpor (high temperatures and water scarcity); fish, amphibians, reptiles • Both often triggered by length of daylight