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Mid-term Review •Metric Practice •Scientific Method •Characteristics of Life / Necessities of Life •Classification / Dichotomous key / Branching Diagram •Cell Anatomy •Cell Processes (Diffusion/ Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration) •Cell Cycle - Mitosis and Meiosis •DNA •Genetics •Famous Scientists The Metric System (work Sheet) A Standard Measurement System The International System of Units (SI) • • • • • Length or Distance - Meter (m) Volume - Liter (L) Mass or weight - Grams (g) Temperature - Celsius Time - 24 hour clock THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD - Mixed WS) Kilo 1000 Hecto units 100 Deka units 10 To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right or multiply. Basic Unit Deci 0.1 Centi units 0.01 Milli To convert to a larger unit, move units 0.001 decimal point to the left or divide units units Scientific Method Brain Pop / Scientific Method Quiz SIX STEPS: QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. 1. Observation (5 senses), Ask a question. 2. Research Topic QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 3. Formulate a hypothesis (If…. Then.. Statement) 4. Experimental Designed to test hypothesis -Identify Independent Variable -Identify Dependent variable 5. Experimental Procedure QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 6. Conclusion - accept or reject your hypothesis Characteristics of Life (Questions) 1. 3. 2. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 6. 5. 4 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Characteristics of life NOTES 1. All living things are made out of one or more cells QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2. All living things have DNA QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 3. All living things obtain energy, make energy, QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. use energy and get rid of waste (metabolism) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 4. All living things sense and respond to change 5. All living things reproduce (asexually or sexually) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 6. All living things grow and develop. Necessities of life: NOTES 1. Air - CO2 and O2 2. Shelter - a place to live QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 3. Food 4. Water QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the building block of life. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Theodore Schwann QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. Rudolf Virchow Dichotomous Key - Used to identify organisms using a series of questions describing characteristics Wacky People Key 1a Two feet2 1b Some other number of feet 3 2a Does not look at all human 4 2b Looks a lot like a human 5 3a One leg 6 3b Three or four legs 7 4a Fly-like Mosk Cara 4b Not fly-like 8 5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita 5b Not a girl 9 6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella 6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles 7a Three legs 10 7b Four legs 11 8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate 8b Clawed feet 12 9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum 9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile 10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk 10b Some other appearance 13 11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt 11b No arms or pinchers 14 12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon 12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy 13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide 13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox 14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos 14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus What is the name of this creature? 3 Domains / 6 Kingdoms (Graphic Organizer Brain Pops: Classification and Six kingdoms) Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a decompres sor are needed to s ee this picture. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. 1. Domain Archaea Facts: 1. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular •First and oldest kingdom on Earth •Found in extreme environments •Heterotrophic /Autotrophic •Some have cell walls (capsules) Quic kTime™ and a •Reproduce Asexually (binary fission) decompressor are needed to see this pic ture. 2. Domain Bacteria 2. Kingdom Eubacteria - Prokaryotic/ Unicellular Facts: •Found everywhere •May make you sick •Used in the making of Cheese and Yogurt • Helps make Vitamin K •Helps in the digestion of food •Some have cell walls / capsules •Reproduce Asexually (binary fission) conjunction •Decomposer QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. 3. Domain Eukarya - Eukaryotic 3. Kingdom Protista Facts: Autotrophic / Heterotrophic 4. Kingdom Fungi Heterotrophic / Decomposer Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. Multicellular except yeast QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. Cell wall - (Chitin) Unicellular 5. Kingdom Plants Facts: 6. Animals QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. All Autotrophic Cell wall (cellulose) Multicellular QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Facts: Most complex, Last to appear on Earth Heterotrophic Multicellular Carolus Linnaeus QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Father of Taxonomy • Binomial Naming System (Genus and Species) Robert Hooke • Invented the microscope, • First to use the word “cell” • Thought that only plants had cells. Anton von Leeuwenhoek QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • First to see blood cells and bacteria using a microscope Gregor Mendel QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Father of Genetics • All cells had two sets of instructions, one coming from each parent • Used words dominant and recessive Rosalind Franklin QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Took first x-ray of DNA • Discovered that DNA was in a spiral shape James Watson and Francis Crick QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Built first model of DNA • Won Nobel Prize Cellular Organization QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cells QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organ Systems Tissues organs QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organisms Compare and Contrast the Plant and Animal cell QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. PLANT CELL SAME ANIMAL CELL Cell Anatomy QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Differences between Plant and Animal cell • • • • Plant cell has a chloroplast Plant cell has a cell wall Plant cell has a large central vacuole Plant has rectangular shape Organelles’ Function • • • • • • Nucleus Control Center of the cell Holds the DNA in a eukaryotic cell Holds the nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation of protein and other substances inside the cell • Two types; Rough (with ribosomes) and Smooth (without ribosomes QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organelles’ Function Cont. • • • • • • • • Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Lysosome Vacuoles filled with digestive juices which dissolve bacteria and waste Golgi Complex AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Body Transportation of substances outside of the cell (vesicle) Mitochondria Energy (ATP)producer of the cell QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organelles’ Function Cont. • Chloroplast QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Found in autotrophs, site of photosynthesis • Cell wall QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Found in plants (cellulose), and fungi (chitin), provides structure • Vacuole • Large in plants and small in animal cells • Cell Membrane • Boundary of cell, allows certain substances in and keeps certain substances out QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cellular Processes Passive Transport - NO ATP Required Diffusion - Molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis - Water (H2O) molecules go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane Facilitated Diffusion - Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using protein channels through the cell membrane QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cellular Processes Cont… Active Transport - ATP Required Endocytosis – The active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle, such as a large protein, and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. Exocytosis – The active transport process by which a vesicle filled with wastes makes its way to the side of the cell and spills out the waste. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Photosynthesis - Chloroplast A process that allows plants to capture light energy from the sun and change it into food Water + Carbon dioxide + Light Energy 6H20 + 6CO2 + Light Energy Glucose + Oxygen + Water C6H12O6 + O2 + H20 Cellular Respiration - Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal Mitochondria During respiration, cells use oxygen, and sugar to make energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide gas. Carbon Dioxide Glucose Water Oxygen Energy Glucose + Oxygen + Water C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP CO2 + H 2O + ATP Connection between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Flow Chart) Cell Cycle - Body Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 2 Diploid Body Cells 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis (4 parts) 3. Cytokinesis QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Mitosis 4 Steps Interphase 1. Prophase 4. Telophase QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2. Metaphase 4. Anaphase Meiosis - Sex Cells 1 Diploid Body Cell 4 haploid Sex Cells 1 diploid body cell QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 4 haploid sex cells DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic Material Located in Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Base Pairs: Genes Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine Genetics - the study of how traits are inherited . Vocabulary Review Genetics Practice Problems Heredity - passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring Characteristics - inherited from parents to offspring Genes - one set of instructions for an inherited trait from each parent Dominant - the trait that seems to cover up another trait. (T)- Capital letter Recessive - the trait that was covered up by the dominant trait or seemed to disappear. (t)- Lower case letter Purebred or Homozygous - organism that always produces the same traits in its offspring. (RR) or (rr) Hybrid or heterozygous- not pure. (Rr) Alleles - Letters which represent a trait. Come in pairs one from each parent. Co-dominance or incomplete dominance - Each allele has equal influence Blending occurs Types of Diagrams Pedigree Chart Branching Diagram QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Punnett Square QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.