Download Unit 3 Microorganisms Viruses Bacteria Protists Fungi PowerPoint

Microorganisms
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, & Fungi
HIV
E. Coli
Euglenoid
Fungi
The 6 Kingdoms of Life
(and Viruses)
• Remember…
-Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus
(bacteria)
-Eukaryotes do have a nucleus
(protists, fungi, plants, animals)
-Autotrophs make their own food
using sunlight
-Heterotrophs must consume food
Viruses
• Virus- a tiny, NONLIVING particle
that invades and then multiplies
inside a living cell.
• The only way viruses are like
organisms is that they can multiply.
• Host- living thing that provides a
source of energy for an organism.
• Parasite- lives in a host and cause
harm.
What is a Virus?
- Viruses
• A virus is a tiny nonliving
particle that enters and then
reproduces inside a living cell.
Virus particles are tiny
compared to bacteria.
Bacteriophages
• Bacteriophage- a virus that infects
bacteria.
The Structure of Viruses
All viruses have two basic parts: a protein
coat that protects the virus and an inner core
made of genetic material. Some viruses are
surrounded by an outer membrane envelope.
Role of Surface Proteins
• Each virus has unique surface
proteins
• The shape of the surface proteins
allows the virus to attach to
certain cells inside the host.
• Virus fits to host cells like a lockand-key.
Viruses are specific to hosts AND to
individual cell-types.
Rabies- brain
Hepatitis-liver
HIV- immune cells
Cold & flu
virus–
respiratory
system
Chicken pox-skin
How Viruses Multiply
• Once inside a cell, a virus’s genetic
material takes over many of the
cell’s functions.
• It instructs the cell to produce the
virus’s proteins and genetic material.
• These proteins and genetic materials
then assemble into new viruses.
- Viruses
How Viruses Multiply
1. Active viruses enter cells and immediately
begin to multiply, leading to the quick death
of the invaded cells.
- Viruses
How Viruses Multiply
Hidden viruses “hide” for a while inside
host cells before becoming active.
Viruses and Disease
• Viral diseases can be spread by
contact, animal bites, air, and
fluids.
• Viral infections cannot be cured.
• You should rest, drink fluids, and eat
well to recover.
• Vaccines can help prevent viral
infections.
Bacteria
• Bacteria are much larger than viruses!
• Anton von Leeuwenhoek discovered
bacteria with the invention of his
microscope (1600s).
• Average size is 0.5 to 1 micrometer in
diameter (one millionth of a meter!).
• Come in 3 shapes: spherical, rod-like,
and spiral.
Bacterial Shapes
• SphericalStreptococcus
• Rod-shapedBacillus
• SpiralSpirillum
The Bacterial Cell
- Bacteria
• Bacteria are
prokaryotes.
The genetic
material in
the cells is
not contained
in a nucleus.
Obtaining Food and Energy
• Some are autotrophs
- Make food using sunlight or
chemicals.
• Some are heterotrophs
• Respiration
- Aerobic- requires oxygen (like us!)
- Anaerobic- does not require
oxygen
Reproduction
• With the right amount of food and
temperature, bacteria reproduce
very quickly.
• Asexual Reproduction- only one parent
produces offspring that are
genetically identical to the parent.
• Binary Fission- type of asexual repro.
where one cell divides to produce
two identical cells.
Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction- two parents
combine their genetic material to
produce a new organism that is
different from both parents.
• Conjugation- type of sexual repro.
where one bacterium transfers
genetic material to another using a
temporary bridge.
• Conjugation does not increase the number of
bacteria, but it makes them genetically
different.
Endospore Formation
• Endospore- small, round, thick-walled,
resting cell that forms inside a
bacterial cell.
• Contains the cells genetic material and
some of its cytoplasm.
• Can survive freezing and boiling
• Endospores are light, so they can be
blown by the wind.
Reproduction Video
Role in Nature
• Most bacteria are helpful, not harmful
1. Oxygen production- autotrophic
bacteria release oxygen.
2. Food production- found in dairy
and other products.
3. Environmental recycling- heterotrophic
bacteria decompose dead organic
matter. Remember nitrogen fixers!
4. Environmental Cleanup- used to clean
out water and oil spills.
5. Medicines and Health- aid in digestion
Protists
• Protists- eukaryotes that cannot be
classified into any other kingdom.
• “Junk drawer kingdom”
• All protists are eukaryotes and live in
moist places.
• Can be uni/multicellular,
auto/heterotrophs, im/mobile
Animal-Like Protists
• Animal-like protists are all
heterotrophs and most can move
around.
• Protozoans- single-celled animal-like
protists.
Types of Protozoans
• Protozoans with Pseudopods
- Pseudopods- temporary bulges of
the cell that allow it to move.
- Pseudopods form when cytoplasm
moves to one side of the cell. The
membrane is flexible.
- Used to trap food
- Example- Amoeba
Animal-Like Protists
- Protists
Amoebas are sarcodines that live in either
water or soil. They feed on bacteria and smaller
protists.
Types of Protozoans
• Protozoans with Cilia
- Cilia- hair-like projections that
move in a wave motion
- Cilia are used to move and get
food
- Example: paramecium
Animal-Like Protists
• Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly in
fresh water. Like amoebas, paramecia feed
on bacteria and smaller protists.
Types of Protozoans
• Protozoans with Flagella
- Flagella- long, whip-like
appendages that are used for
movement.
- Some are helpful (live in the
intestines of termites and help
digest wood)
- Some are harmful (Giardia live in
water and are intestinal
parasites)
Types of Protozoans
• Protozoans that are parasites
- Diverse group, but all are
parasites.
- Often have more than one host
- Example: Plasmodium (causes
malaria)
Plant-Like Protists
• Plant-like protists are all
autotrophs and most use the sun to
do photosynthesis
• Algae- common name for plant-like
protists. Important oxygen
producers.
Dinoflagellates
Algae
Plantlike Protists
The euglena is a common protist that lives in fresh
water. In sunlight, many euglenas can make their
own food. Without sunlight, they obtain food from
their environment. (In the dark, they eat.)
Fungus-Like Protists
• Fungus-like protists are all
heterotrophs and use spores to
reproduce.
• Spore- tiny cell that is able to grow
into a new organism.
Fungi
• Fungi- eukaryotes, have cell walls,
heterotrophs (absorb food), use
spores to reproduce.
• Grow in moist places
• Hyphae- branching, threadlike tubes
that make up the bodies of fungi.
Determine the shape of the fungus.
- Fungi
What Are Fungi?
Fungi absorb food through
hyphae that grow into the
ground or food source.
Fungi Reproduction
• Usually reproduce by making spores
• Lightweight spores are carried around
by wind or water.
• Fruiting bodies- fungal structures that
produce spores.
• Can use asexual (budding) or sexual
(hyphae grow together)
reproduction.
Fungi Classification
• Club Fungi, Sac Fungi, and Zygote Fungi
Role of Fungi in Nature
1. Food- yeast, mushrooms, cheeses,
meats
2. Environmental Recycling- decomposers
3. Disease-Fighting Fungi- Penicillium
4. Disease-Causing Fungi- athlete’s foot,
ringworm, crop diseases
5. Fungus-Plant Root Associations- attach to
plants and extend their roots, which
helps them grow
6. Lichens- fungus + algae or bacteria