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+ 15-3: Darwin Presents His Case Notes + Natural Variation* Natural Variation: differences among individuals of a species. E.g. some cows make more milk than others, some plants make larger plants than others etc. + Artificial Selection (aka Selective Breeding) Artificial Selection: selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms. Selected only useful variations. + Evolution by Natural Selection Struggle for Existence: competition amongst species for living resources (food, water, space etc.) Survival of the Fittest: Individuals that are better suited for their environment survive and reproduce most successfully (aka natural selection). + Survival of the Fittest Fitness: organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Adaptation: inherited characteristic that increases chance of survival (physical or behavioral). Over time, natural selection = changes in the inherited characteristics of a population which increase a species’ fitness. + What does survival of the fittest look like? https://vimeo.com/24156392 + Descent with Modification Descent with Modification: Principle that each living species has descended, with changes from other species over time. Common Descent: principle that all living things have a common ancestor. + + Peppered Moth Simulation Activity (Birdseye View) 1. Explain how the color of the moths increase or decrease their chance of survival. 2. Explain the concept of survival of the fittest (natural selection) using moths as an example. 3. What would happen if there were no predators in the forest? http://peppermoths.weebly.com/ + Watch North America Number your paper from 1-5 in your notebook (skip 3 lines). Name at least 3-5 different organisms mentioned during the video and include one way they have adapted to their environment and how it helps them. (ex. Monarch butterfly- wing color is best in their environment in order to be camouflaged from predators) + Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record Fossils from different layers of rock can show how a species has changed and produced different species over time. + Geographic When Distribution of Living Species living under similar ecological conditions on different continents, animals with different ancestors may evolve common features. + Homologous Structures Body Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues. Similarities and differences help group animals by how recently they shared a common ancestor. Vestigial Organs: organs that serves no useful function in an organism (e.g. appendix, tailbone etc.) + Checking for Understanding 1. What is fitness? 2. What is the process called if a farmer breeds only his/her BEST livestock? 3. In humans, the pelvis and femur are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur are .