Download HISTORY OF MARINE BIOLOGY

The Science of Marine Biology
UNIT 1
Intro video
What is Marine Biology
• Scientific study of organisms of the seas
• Marine bio video
What is Oceanography?
• Scientific study of the oceans
• Covers geology, chemistry, meterology,
biology
• A biological oceanographer focuses on
organisms in the deep while marine
biologists tend to study organisms close
to shore
Why study Marine Biology?
• Oceans hold a variety of life- adventurous to
study
• Provides clues to Earth’s past
• Source of human wealth
• Food, medicines, raw materials, recreation
• Marine life helps to determine the nature of
our planet- make oxygen
• To solve problems created by marine
organisms- barnacles
History of Marine Biology
• Aristotle considered one of the first marine
biologists
• He described many forms of marine life
• Recognized gills as the breathing organisms of
fish
• The Greeks used mathematical principles for
seafaring and created more accurate maps
• Knew Earth was a sphere
Latitude/longitude system
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Developed by Greeks
Latitude = east-west
Longitude = north-south
In degrees
• 1 degree=60 minutes
• 1 minute = 60 seconds
• Latitude lines never intersect so called
parallels- 0*parallel = equator
• Longitude lines called meridians- 0* meridian
goes through the Royal Naval Observatory in
Greenwich, England (the prime meridian)
• Other cultures such as Egyptians,
Pacific Islanders, the Vikings and Arab
traders also studied the oceans as well
• Early explorer video
• Polynesians underwent the earliest
known regular long-distance, openocean out of sight of land voyages
Middle Ages (800 A.D -1400)
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A time of “intellectual darkness”
Become an illiterate society
Believed Earth was flat
Only European voyages were Vikings
Viking Explorations
(790 A.D. – 1100)
• Established trade routes with Britain,
Ireland, Southern Europe, North Africa,
and Central Asia.
• Discovered Iceland, Greenland and
North America (Newfoundland, Canada)
• Contributed to European ship design
Chinese Explorations
• Invented the magnetic compass (1125)
• Traded with Korea, Japan, and Australia
• Contributed central rudders and
watertight compartments to ship
building
European Explorations (1400-1700)
• Renaissance period- centered in Italy
• Ocean expeditions were conduced for
economic, political and religious
reasons
James Cook and the Birth of Marine
Science
• An English sea captain
• One of the first to make scientific
observations on his travels and to
include a full time naturalist
• Beginning in 1768, he explored all of the
oceans
• Used the chronometer- an instrument
that helped to determine his longitude
and latitude and make accurate charts
• First European to see the Antarctic and
to land in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti
and other Pacific islands.
• Killed in 1779 in a fight with native
Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay Hawaii
• James Cook video
Charles Darwin
• English Naturalist on the Beagle -1831
• Described atolls- rings of coral reef
• Studied plankton and barnacles
United States Exploring Expedition
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1838-1842
The “Wilkes Expedition”
2 out of 6 ships returned
Confirmed Antarctica was a continent
Explored 280 islands
Collected 2,000 unknown species
video
Matthew Maury- Father of Physical
Oceanography
• US Naval Officer
• 1834-1841 3 world tours
• 1842 appointed superintendent of Dept of
Charts and Instruments of the Navy
department
• Began publishing his work
• His system for recording oceanic data was
adapted worldwide especially his studies of
currents and winds
The Challenger Expedition- British
• First expedition entirely devoted to
marine science- 1872 to 1876
• Sailed 80,778 miles
• Report took 23 years to complete
• Discovered the Mid-Atlantic ridge and
the Marianas Trench
• Took the first soundings deeper than
4000 meters
• Discovered marine organisms in the
deepest part of the ocean
• Sampled and illustrated plankton
• Catalogued and identified 715 new
genera and 4717 new species
• NASA named space shuttle after it
• video
Oceanography Explosion
• Due to Industrial Revolution and the
advancement of technology
• Rise of steam engines and iron ships
• Development of the diesel engine, electric
motor and lead-acid battery lead to the
development of submarines
• Wealthier countries = more research $
therefore applied research increased
dramatically as well as pure research
• The Cold War and global conflict fueled
scientific discovery
Important 20th Century Expeditions
• German Meteor expedition- 1925
• One of 1st modern oceanographic research
cruises
• Crossed Atlantic 14 times in two years
• Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echosounding technology- 1st one of its kind
• Atlantis expedition- U.S.- 1931
• 1st ship built specifically for ocean studies
• Confirmed and mapped the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
• Space shuttle named after it
• New H.M.S. Challenger II- 1951
• 2 year voyage to the Atlantic, Pacific
and Indian oceans
• Found deepest part of ocean (the
Challenger Deep) in the Marianas
Trench- 10, 838 meters
SUBMERSIBLES AND SELFCONTAINED DIVING
Submersibles
• 3 basic types
• 1. Bathysphere- developed by William
Beebe and Otis Barton in the 1930’s
• Steel ball with a window and an umbilical
• Only went vertically- attached by a cable to
a ship
• 1932 Beebe and Barton reached 661
meters
The bathysphere (1930)
• 2. Bathyscaphe
• Similar to bathysphere except it was
attached to a large float instead of to a
cable and ship
• Limited horizontal motion because of
propellers
• Deepest diving submersibles ever made
• Trieste traveled to the bottom of the
Challenger Deep
• 3. Deep-Diving submersibles
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2-3 person vessels
Moderate to deep depths
Good horizontal movement
No float tanks
Less fragile
Robotic arms
Alvin most famous-discovered the TitanicJason Project- operated by Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute (US Navy)
Johnson Sealink Submersible
• Advantages of submersibles
• Great depths
• Duration of dives are longer
• Disadvantages of submersibles
• Very expensive
• Need of support vessels and diving teams
• Very large, so not able to have access to
many places
Self-Contained Diving
• 1st was hard-hat (helmet) divingEnglishman named Augustus Siebe1840
• Good for underwater labor, not good for
research because it was heavy and
required a support team and vessel
• Englishman Henry Fleuss introduced the first
workable scuba in 1878
• Recirculated pure oxygen which is only usuable to
a depth of 10 meters or 33 ft
• Frenchman Jacques Cousteau and engineer
Emile Gagnan developed the scuba system
used today in 1943
• Delivers compressed air and only provides it when
the diver inhaled
• Easy to use, lightweight, simple, little support
needed
• Advantages of SCUBA
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Less expensive
Very simple- don’t need a team
Portable and small
More dexterity
• Disadvantages of SCUBA
• Usually limited to about 40-50 m (130-165
ft)-compressed air and to about 150 m with
synthetic breathing gases
• Duration is smaller due to cold, pressure,
and fatigue
Hardsuits - 1913
• In between a submersible and scuba
• More protection from temp. and
pressure
• More mobile than submersibles
• Deeper dives
• Expensive
• Also need some team support as well
ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation,
and Satellites
ROVs
• “Remotely operated vehicle”
• Small unmanned submarine with
propellers, video camera and an
umbilical
• Operator at surface
• Can have arms, claws and other tools
AUVs
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“Autonomous Underwater Vehicle”
Untethered robotic device
Self-contained power systems
Controlled by an attached computer
Maneuverable in 3 dimensions
Electronic navigation
• 1st was LORAN (Long Range Navigation)1960s
• Developed into Loran-C- based on radio
signals from the coast- needed to triangulate
to get ships position
• Accurate within a few meters
• But only worked where Loran transmitters
were located
• Accuracy depended on distance from
transmitter
GPS
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“Global Positioning System”- 1990s
Developed by U.S. Military
Receives signals from satellites
Accurate within 1-2 meters