Download Participles

Participles
A Brief Review
Definition
l  A
participle is that form of the verb
which is used like an adjective.
l  Since it is a verb, it has tense and
voice. It can take a direct object, an
indirect object, etc.
l  Since it is an adjective, it has case,
number, and gender, and it will
modify a noun.
Formation
Present
1st pp – o (– eo)
+ ans, antis (1st Conj.)
+ ens, entis (Conj. 2-4)
—
“verbing”
Perfect
Future
—
4th pp - us +urus, a, um
“about to verb”
4th pp
“having been verbed”
1st pp – o (– eo) + ndus, a, um
“must be verb-ed”
Present active participles are declined like third declension adjectives,
while perfect passive, future active and passive participles are
declined like first/second declension adjectives.
Present Active Participle
l  1st
pp – o (– eo) + ans, antis (ens, entis)
servo, servare
servans
servantis
servantī
servantem
servante/ī
drop the “o”, add -ns, -ntis
servantēs
servantium
servantibus
servantēs/īs
servantibus
These are the endings for the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective.
For the neuter forms, use the third declension neuter endings.
Recall that for the third declension, you
must go to the genitive to get the stem.
Present Active Participle
l  1st
pp – o (– eo) + ans, antis (ens, entis)
servo, servare
servans
servantis
servantī
servans
servantī
drop the “o”, add -ns, -ntis
servantia
servantium
servantibus
servantia
servantibus
These are the endings for the neuter forms of the adjective.
Recall that for the third declension, you
must go to the genitive to get the stem.
Worksheet #52 Answer Key
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
militem morientem
Pres, Dep, Sing, Masc, Acc,
“the dying soldier”
virum gerentem multa proelia
Pres, Act, Sing, Masc, Acc,
“the man waging many battles”
legatī tradentēs captivōs
Pres, Act, Pl, Masc, Nom,
“the envoys handing over the captives”
Feminae ferentī aquam
Pres, Act, Sing, Fem, Dat,
“to/for the woman carrying the water”
amicīs viventibus
Pres, Act, Pl, Masc, Dat/Abl,
“to/for (from/by) the living friends”
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
Discipulō legente librōs
Pres, Act, Sing, Masc, Abl,
“from/by the student reading books”
Hostium fugientium
Pres, Act, Pl, Masc, Gen,
“of the fleeing enemies”
Frater cupiens cibum
Pres, Act, Sing, Masc, Nom,
“the brother desiring food”
Poetae narrantis fabulās
Pres, Act, Sing, Masc, Gen,
“of the poet telling stories”
Consulem condentem legēs
Pres, Act, Sing, Masc, Acc,
“the consul establishing the laws”
Worksheet #52 Answer Key
11. 
Puerī habentēs multōs metūs
Pres, Act, Pl, Masc, Nom, “the boys having many fears”
12. 
Totōs exercitūs currentēs cursum
Pres, Act, Pl, Masc, Acc,“entire armies running the race”
Third -io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs
l  Be
careful when forming the present
active and future passive participles for
3rd -io and 4th conjugation verbs:
l  drop the entire infinitive ending (ire/ere)
l  add -iel  then add the -ns, -ntis or -ndus, a, um
Perfect Passive Participle
l  4th
pp
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servatus, a, um
servati, ae, i
servato, ae, o
servatum , am, um
servato, a, o
servati, ae, a
servatorum, arum, orum
servatis, is, is
servatos, as, a
servatis, is, is
“having been saved”
Future Active Participle
l  4th
pp - us + urus, a, um
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servaturus, a, um
servaturi, ae, i
servaturo, ae, o
servaturum, am, um
servaturo, a, o
“about to save”
servaturi, ae, a
servaturorum, arum, orum
servaturis, is, is
servaturos, as, a
servaturis, is, is
Declined like a 1st/2nd
declension adjective
Future Passive Participle
l  2nd
pp - re + ndus, a, um
servo, servare, servavi, servatus
servandus, a, um
servandi, ae, i
servando, ae, o
servandum, am, um
servando, a, o
“must be saved”
servandi, ae, a
servandorum, arum, orum
servandis, is, is
servandos, as, a
servandis, is, is
l  indicate
the time of the action in
relation to the adjoining verb
–  present participle indicates the action is going on
at the same time as the verb
–  future participle indicates the action will happen
after the verb
–  perfect participle indicates that the action
happened before the verb
Sedens in lecto, puer edit.
Sitting on the couch, the boy eats.
The boy is sitting on the couch at the same time that he is eating.
l  Just
like any other adjective, it
describes a noun
legati necati
violati hospites
slaughtered ambassadors
violated guests
Practice declining and translating…..
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
l 
2nd pp - re + ns, ntis*
muniens
munientis
munienti
munientem
muniente
munientes
munientum
munientibus
munientes
munientibus
“building, fortifying”
* Remember that for 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs, you must drop the
entire infinitive ending, then add -ie- before adding the adjective endings
Practice declining and translating…..
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
l 
4th pp
munitus, a, um
muniti, ae, i
munito, ae, o
munitum, am, um
munito, a, o
muniti, ae, a
munitorum, arum, orum
munitis, is, is
munitos, as, a
munitis, is, is
“having been built, having been fortified”
Practice declining and translating…..
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
l 
4th pp - us + urus
muniturus, a, um
munituri, ae, i
munituro, ae, o
muniturum, am, um
munituro, a, o
munituri, ae, a
muniturorum, arum, orum
munituris, is, is
munituros, as, a
munituris, is, is
“about to build, about to fortify”
More on Future Active Participles…..
Sometimes they are best translated as
relative (dependent) clauses…….
Hannibal proelium cum Romanis commissurus de montes
in Italiam venit.
Hannibal, about to begin battle, …..
Hannibal, who was going to begin battle, …..!
Practice declining and translating…..
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus
l 
2nd pp - re + ndus*
muniendus, a, um
muniendi, ae, i
muniendo, ae, o
muniendum, am, um
muniendo, a, o
muniendi, ae, a
muniendorum, arum, orum
muniendis, is, is
muniendos, as, a
muniendis, is, is
“must be built, must be fortified”
* again, remember that with 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs,
you need to drop the entire infinitive ending, add -ie-, then add
the adjective ending
1. Another name for the fourth principal part of a verb is
the perfect
___________________,
passive participle!and it functions as a(n)
adjective!
___________________.
2. Participles CANNOTfunction by themselves as the
main verb of a sentence.
3. A participle can modify what part of speech?
a noun or pronoun!
4. Translate the following sentence:
Vir ducens animalia Hannibal est.
The man leading the animals is Hannibal.!
What is/are the object(s) of ducens?
Animalia is not the object of est!!!!
It is the object of ducens!!
Practice Sentences
Senex, multas iniurias passus, auxilium petivit.
The old man, having suffered many injuries, sought help.!
Ab amicis incitatus, certavit.
Encouraged by his friends, he competed.!
Anulum inventum ad dominum tulimus.!
When the ring had been found, we took it to the master.!
(We took the ring having been found to the master.)!