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Principles of Judaism Chapter #1 –Section #3 Key Terms Jerusalem Abraham Moses monotheistic covenant Sabbath prophet ethics diaspora Jerusalem Jerusalem The capital of the independent Jewish state of Judea. In 63 B.C. Rome conquered Jerusalem under the Roman General Pompey. A Jewish family of priestly kings had ruled Judea for about a century, until Pompey turned it into a Roman province. Unlike other peoples of the Roman empire, the Jews prayed to just one God for guidance and protection. Their unique relationship with their God helped shape the history of the Jews. Their ancient beliefs evolved into Judaism, one of the world’s main faiths. The Ancient Israelites & Abraham The Jews of ancient history were known as Hebrews or Israelites. Abraham The story of the Israelites begins in the Torah, the Jews most sacred text, with a man named Abraham Abraham lived near Ur in Mesopotamia (Iraq). About 2000 B.C., Abraham and his family migrated, herding sheep and goats westward into a region called Canaan (Palestine/Israel). Abraham founded the Israelite nation near the eastern Mediterranean coast. The Book of Genesis According to the Book of Genesis, a famine forced many Israelites to migrate to Egypt. . The Israelites spent more than 400 years there, much of it as enslaved workers (or paid contractors).g Moses, an Israelite finally led his people in their exodus, or escape from Egypt. In time, the Israelites made their way back to Canaan. The Kingdom of Israel By 1000 B.C., the Israelites had set up in Canaan, a kingdom called Israel. David, a strong and clever king united the feuding tribes of Israel into a single nation. David and Goliath by Caravaggio, 1599 David’s son, Solomon, turned Jerusalem into an impressive capital, with a splendid temple, dedicated to God. The Ark of the Covenant, which has the original stone tablets of the ten commandments from Moses, was placed in the temple. The Western Wall Jewish & Christian worshipers at the Western Wall or Wailing Wall The Temple Mount The Chosen People The Israelites believed that God had made a covenant, or promise and binding agreement, with Abraham and his descendants. (Primary Source – pg. 30) God promised to protect the Israelites and provide them a homeland. To fulfill their part of the covenant, the people of Israel believed they had to remain faithful and obedient to God. Thus, the Israelites, and later the Jews saw themselves as God’s “chosen people” The Torah The Torah Torah means “instruction” in Hebrew. The Israelites developed The Torah as a record of God’s teachings. The Torah consists of 5 books 1. Genesis 2. Exodus 3. Leviticus 4. Numbers 5. Deuteronomy God’s teachings set a strict moral standard for the Jews. The Ten Commandments In the book of Exodus, Moses and the Israelites stopped at Mount Sinai on their way from Egypt to Canaan. At Mount Sinai, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, a set of ten basic moral laws. Moses became the “lawgiver” to the Jews. Map of the Exodus Mount Sinai The Seven Universal Laws Applied to all people, not just the Jews. They include prohibitions against murder and robbery. It commands people to establish courts to enforce other laws. The idea of universally accepted moral and ethical principles backed by a system of justice is a source of the modern concept of basic human rights in international law. The Scattering of the Jews The Babylonian Captivity in 586 B.C. marked the start of the diaspora, or scattering of the Jews. Jews in Canaan lived under Persian and Hellenistic rulers until the 100s B.C. Then Romans and General Pompey arrived. In 66 A.D. Jews revolt against Roman Rule. By the time of the Revolt, there were more Jews living outside of Canaan, than inside their homeland. In 70 A.D. Romans destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. The scattering of the Jews continued for centuries. The Jewish Diaspora in the 1st Century