Download Disorders

Prentice Hall PowerPoint
Slides (version 1.0) for
Understanding Psychology
(4th Ed.) by Morris and Maisto
Prepared by Jeff Platt,
North Iowa Area Community
College
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
• Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does
not conform to the existing social order.
• Individual: One’s own sense of personal
well-being determines normality.
• Mental-health professional: Personality
and degree of personal discomfort and life
functioning determine normality.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Approaches to Psychological
Disorders
• biological model: Disorders have a
biochemical or physiological basis.
• psychoanalytic model: Disorders result
from unconscious internal conflicts.
• cognitive-behavioral model: Disorders
result from learning maladaptive ways
of thinking and behaving.
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Approaches to Psychological
Disorders
• diathesis-stress model: People
biologically predisposed to a mental
disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit
that disorder when particularly affected
by stress.
• systems approach: Biological,
psychological, and social risk factors
combine to produce disorders.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Diagnostic & Statistic Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th edition)
• A publication of the American
Psychiatric Association that classifies
over 230 psychological disorders into
16 categories.
• The most widely used classification of
psychological disorders.
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Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV
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Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV
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Mood Disorders
Disturbances in mood or prolonged
emotional state.
• depression
• mania
• bipolar disorder
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Depression
• A mood disorder characterized by
overwhelming feelings of sadness,
• lack of interest in activities,
• and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings
of worthlessness.
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Mania
• A mood disorder characterized by
euphoric states,
• extreme physical activity,
• excessive talkativeness,
• distractedness,
• and sometimes grandiosity.
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Bipolar Disorder
• A mood disorder in which periods of
mania and depression alternate,
sometimes with periods of normal
mood intervening.
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Causes of Mood Disorders
• Most psychologists now believe that
mood disorders result from a
combination of
• biological factors,
• psychological factors,
• and social factors.
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Biological Factors
• Genetics appears to play a role in the
development of mood disorders.
• The strongest evidence for the role of
genetics comes from twin studies.
• Certain chemical imbalances in the
brain have been linked to mood
disorders.
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Psychological Factors
• Cognitive distortions may lead to the
development of mood disorders.
• cognitive distortions: An illogical and
maladaptive response to early negative
life events that leads to feelings of
incompetence and unworthiness that are
reactivated whenever a new situation
arises that resembles the original events.
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Types of Illogical Thinking
 arbitrary
inference
 selective abstraction
 overgeneralization
 magnification and minimization
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Social Factors
• Difficulties in interpersonal
relationships may lead to mood
disorders.
• The link between depression and
troubled relationships may explain why
women are more likely to suffer from
depression--women tend to be more
relationship-oriented than men.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Gender, Race, & Suicide
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Anxiety Disorders
Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic
feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to
motivate abnormal behavior.
• phobias
• panic disorder
• generalized anxiety disorder
• obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Types of Phobias
• specific: intense, paralyzing fear of some
object or thing
• social: excessive, inappropriate fears
connected with social situations or
performances in front of other people
• agoraphobia: involves multiple, intense
fear of crowds, public places, and other
situations that require separation from a
source of security
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Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
recurrent panic attacks.
• panic attack: A sudden, unpredictable,
and overwhelming experience of
intense fear or terror without any
reasonable cause.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
prolonged vague but intense fears that
are not attached to any particular object
or circumstance.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• An anxiety disorder in which a person
feels driven to think disturbing
thoughts (obsessions) and/or to
perform senseless rituals
(compulsions).
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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
• prepared responses: responses that
evolution has made us biologically
predisposed to acquire through
learning
• not feeling in control of one’s life
• may be caused by an inherited
predisposition
• internal psychological conflict
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Psychosomatic vs. Somatoform
• psychosomatic: Disorders in which
there is REAL physical illness that is
largely caused by psychological factors
such as stress and anxiety.
• somatoform: Disorders in which there
is an APPARENT physical illness for
which there is no organic basis.
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Somatoform Disorders
•
•
•
•
somatization disorder
conversion disorder
hypochondriasis
body dysmorphic disorder
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Somatization Disorder
• A somatoform disorder
characterized by recurrent vague
somatic complaints without a
physical cause.
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Conversion Disorder
• Somatoform disorders in which a
dramatic specific disability has no
physical cause but instead seems
related to psychological problems.
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Hypochondriasis
• A somatoform disorder in which a
person interprets insignificant
symptoms as signs of serious illness in
the absence of any organic evidence of
such illness.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• A somatoform disorder in which a
person becomes so preoccupied with
his or her imagined ugliness that
normal life is impossible.
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Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which some aspect of the
personality seems separated from the
rest.
• dissociative amnesia
• dissociative fugue
• dissociative identity disorder
• depersonalization disorder
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Dissociative Amnesia
• A dissociative disorder characterized
by loss of memory for past events
without organic cause.
• Dissociative amnesia may result from
an intolerable experience.
• Dissociative amnesia is rare.
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Dissociative Fugue
• A dissociative disorder that
involves flight from home and the
assumption of a new identity, with
amnesia for past identity and
events.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
• A dissociative disorder in which a
person has several distinct personalities
that emerge at different times.
• Formerly known as multiple
personality disorder.
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Depersonalization Disorder
• A dissociative disorder whose essential
feature is that the person suddenly feels
changed or different in a strange way.
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Sexual Disorders
• sexual dysfunctions
• paraphilias
• gender-identity disorders
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Sexual Dysfunctions
A loss or impairment of the ordinary
physical responses of sexual function.
• erectile disorder: The inability of a
man to achieve or maintain an erection.
• female sexual arousal disorder: The
inability of a woman to become
sexually aroused or to reach orgasm.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Sexual Dysfunctions
• sexual desire disorders: Disorders in
which the person lacks sexual interest
or has an active distaste for sex.
• sexual arousal disorder: Inability to
achieve or sustain arousal until the end
of intercourse in a person who is
capable of experiencing sexual desire.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Sexual Dysfunctions
• orgasmic disorders: Inability to reach
orgasm in a person able to experience
sexual desire and maintain arousal.
• premature ejaculation: In ability of a
man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired.
• vaginismus: Involuntary muscle spasms
in the outer part of the vagina that make
intercourse impossible.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Paraphilias
Sexual disorders in which
unconventional objects or situations
cause sexual arousal.
• fetishism: A paraphilia in which a
nonhuman object is the preferred or
exclusive method of achieving sexual
excitement.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Paraphilias
• voyeurism: Desire to watch others
having sexual relations or to spy on
nude people.
• exhibitionism: Compulsion to expose
one’s genitals in public to achieve
sexual arousal.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Paraphilias
• frotteurism: Compulsion to achieve
sexual arousal by touching or rubbing
against a nonconsenting person in
public situations.
• transvestic fetishism: Wearing the
clothes of the opposite sex to achieve
sexual gratification.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Paraphilias
• sexual sadism: Obtaining sexual
gratification from humiliating or physically
harming a sex partner.
• sexual masochism: Inability to enjoy sex
without accompanying emotional or
physical pain.
• pedophilia: Desire to have sexual relations
with children as the preferred or exclusive
method of achieving sexual excitement.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Gender-Identity Disorders
Disorders that involve the desire to
become, or the insistence that one really
is, a member of the other biological sex.
• gender-identity disorder in children:
Rejection of one’s biological gender in
childhood, along with the clothing and
behavior society considers appropriate to
that gender.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Personality Disorders
• Disorders in which inflexible and
maladaptive ways of thinking and
behaving learned early in life cause
distress to the person and/or conflicts
with others.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
3 Clusters of Personality Disorders
• Cluster A: odd or eccentric behavior
– schizoid, paranoid
• Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or
erratic behavior
– narcisstic, borderline, antisocial
• Cluster C: anxious or fearful
– dependent, avoidant
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• A personality disorder in which a
person is withdrawn and lacks
feelings for others.
• The classic “loner.”
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the
person is inappropriately suspicious
and mistrustful of others.
• Paranoid personality disorder is NOT
the same as paranoid schizophrenia.
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Narcissitic Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the
person has an exaggerated sense of
self-importance and needs constant
admiration.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder characterized
by marked instability in self-image,
mood, and interpersonal
relationships.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
(ASPD)
• Personality disorder that involves a
pattern of violent, criminal, or
unethical and exploitative behavior and
an inability to feel affection for others.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Possible Causes of ASPD
•
•
•
•
biological predisposition
adverse psychological experiences
unhealthy social environment
abnormal levels of certain
neurotransmitters
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Dependent Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the
person is unable to make choices and
decisions independently and cannot
tolerate being alone.
• Appear to have an underlying fear of
being abandoned or rejected.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the
person’s fears of rejection by others
leads to social isolation.
• Avoidant personality disorder differs
from schizoid personality disorder in
that avoidant individuals want to have
close relationships with other people.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Schizophrenic Disorders
• Severe disorders in which there are
disturbances of thoughts,
communications, and emotions,
including delusions and hallucinations.
• delusions: false beliefs about reality
that have no basis in fact.
• hallucinations: Sensory experiences in
the absence of external stimulation.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders
• disorganized schizophrenia: Bizarre
and childlike behaviors are common.
• catatonic schizophrenia: Disturbed
motor activity is prominent.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders
• paranoid schizophrenia: Marked by
extreme suspiciousness and complex,
bizarre delusions.
• The presence of delusions
differentiates this disorder from
paranoid personality disorder.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders
• undifferentiated schizophrenia: There
are clear schizophrenic symptoms that
do not meet the criteria for another
subtype of the disorder.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
•
•
•
•
genetics
excessive amounts of dopamine
enlarged ventricles in the brain
abnormal pattern of connections
between cortical cells
• family relationships
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Childhood Disorders
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
• Autistic disorder
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
• A childhood disorder characterized by
inattention, impulsiveness, and
hyperactivity.
• More common in boys than girls.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Autistic Disorder
• A childhood disorder characterized by
lack of social instincts and strange
motor behavior.
• echolalia: A speech pattern displayed
by some autistic children in which they
repeat the words said to them.
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Gender Differences
• Gender differences tend to be found for
those disorders without a strong
biological component.
• marital status and incidence of
psychological disorders:
divorced/separated men > married
women > married men
© Prentice Hall, 1999
Higher Incidence of Specific
Disorders
Men
Women
• depression
• substance abuse
• agoraphobia
• antisocial
personality disorder • simple phobia
• obsessivecompulsive disorder
• somatization
disorder
© Prentice Hall, 1999