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Psychological Disorders Abnormal Psychology A Brief History… • Trepanning: holes in skulls to release demons What is abnormality? • Psychopathology: the study of abnormal behavior • Definitions of the Abnormal: – Infrequency of behavior – Deviates from social norm – Subjective discomfort – Maladaptivity Senioritis • Is this a psychological disorder? – Remember the requirements of “abnormal”! Psychological Disorders • Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in everyday life Models of Explanation Psychological School/Perspective Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Cause of the Disorder Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Biomedical/Neuroscience Dysfunctional Society Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. Classification and Identification • DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Contains 5 Axes to divide and classify disorders. Occurrence of Psychological Disorders • Approximately 22% of people over the age of 18 are diagnosed with a disorder each year. – 5% Depression • Anxiety disorders account for the largest category. Pros and Cons of Labels • Pros: – Helps to identify and treat disorders. – Creates a common language for doctors. • Cons: – Creates a bias for patient and doctor. – Patients may live up to their labels. – Labels can be permanent. Understanding Disorders Psychological School/Perspective Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Cause of the Disorder Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Biomedical/Neuroscience Dysfunctional Society Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders • Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive of unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness Anxiety Disorders – Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense and apprehensive – Phobic Disorders: disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of feared situation or object • Agoraphobia • Phobia List Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder: unpredictable episodes of intense fear; activation of the sympathetic nervous system • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) Anxiety Disorders • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): haunting memories, nightmares, anxiety and social withdrawal following a traumatic experience Causes of Anxiety Disorders • Learning: – Fear is conditioned – Observational learning • Biological: – Natural Selection – Genes – The Brain: Anterior Cingulate Cortex A few questions.... • Describe the impact on the mental health community if there were not a DSM. • Comment on the role of the community in supporting the treatment of people with psychological disorders. 19 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders • Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory or identity Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Fugue: traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and personal info. • Dissociative Amnesia: loss of personal memories following a traumatic experience Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): formally known as multiple personality disorder; person exhibits two or more distinct personalities Causes of Dissociative Disorders • Psychoanalytic: repression of unwanted thoughts; personality impulses • Behavior: differing personalities are “reinforced” Somatoform Disorders Somatoform Disorders • Psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause Somatoform Disorders • Conversion Disorder: Disorder in which a person loses physical functioning: paralysis, numbness, or blindness. – There is no physical cause/explanation. Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis: Disorder in which a person worries constantly about being sick; preoccupation with every sensation in the body. Causes of Somatoform Disorders • Behavior-Cognitive: – Comfort through reinforcement – Release of physical symptoms allows for escape of psychological problems Mood Disorders Mood Disorders • Condition in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania Mood Disorders • Major Depression: Severe depression that comes on suddenly; lethargic, insomnia, extreme sadness and social withdrawal • Dysthymia: moderate depression last for two years or more Depression and Suicide • • • • National Differences Racial Differences Gender Differences Age Differences Mood Disorders • Bipolar Disorder: severe mood swings between major depressive and manic episodes Mood Disorders • Seasonal Affective Disorder: depression during low light (usually winter) months; treated with light exposure therapy Causes of Mood Disorders • Biological: Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine • Cognitive: Self-defeating thoughts and learned helplessness Schizophrenia Schizophrenia • Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, emotions, hallucinations, and delusions. • Numerous types Schizophrenia Categories of Symptoms • Positive: evidence of inappropriate emotions/actions • Negative: lack of appropriate emotions/actions Other Symptoms • Inappropriate laughing • Flat effect • Disorganized speech, thoughts, emotions • Hallucinations vs. Delusions Schizophrenia • Paranoid: person suffers from delusions or persecution or grandeur, jealousy and auditory/visual hallucinations • Disorganized: person suffers from bizarre behavior, childish thinking and speech, and disordered motor actions Schizophrenia • Catatonic: person experiences periods of extreme immobility and/or occasional bursts of energetic and frantic movement Causes of Schizophrenia • Biological: – Excess Dopamine – Enlarged Ventricles – Genetic Component • Social: – High stress environments “I’m okay, it’s everyone else that’s weird.” Personality Disorders Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality. Personality Disorders • Paranoid: extreme suspicion of others, mistrustful, jealous • Schizoid: loners; unwilling to form relationships with others • Antisocial: lack conscience or morality; con-artists • Borderline: moody, unstable, lack clear sense of identity Personality Disorders • Avoidant: fearful of social relationships • Narcissistic: extremely vain and selfish • Histrionic: overact and use excessive emotions to manipulate others; attention grabbers Personality Disorders • • • • Paranoid Narcissistic Histrionic Antisocial