Download Anxiety Disorders - Psychology with Mr.Salacki

Psychological Disorders
Abnormal Psychology
A Brief History…
• Trepanning: holes in skulls to release
demons
What is abnormality?
• Psychopathology: the study of abnormal
behavior
• Definitions of the Abnormal:
– Infrequency of behavior
– Deviates from social norm
– Subjective discomfort
– Maladaptivity
Senioritis
• Is this a psychological disorder?
– Remember the requirements of “abnormal”!
Psychological Disorders
• Any pattern of behavior that causes people
significant distress, causes harm to others,
or harms their ability to function in everyday
life
Models of Explanation
Psychological School/Perspective
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Cause of the Disorder
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or
being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the
environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or
ways of thinking.
Sociocultural
Biomedical/Neuroscience
Dysfunctional Society
Organic problems, biochemical
imbalances, genetic predispositions.
Classification and Identification
• DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
• Contains 5 Axes to divide and classify
disorders.
Occurrence of Psychological
Disorders
• Approximately 22% of people over the age
of 18 are diagnosed with a disorder each
year.
– 5% Depression
• Anxiety disorders account for the largest
category.
Pros and Cons of Labels
• Pros:
– Helps to identify and treat disorders.
– Creates a common language for doctors.
• Cons:
– Creates a bias for patient and doctor.
– Patients may live up to their labels.
– Labels can be permanent.
Understanding Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Cause of the Disorder
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or
being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the
environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or
ways of thinking.
Sociocultural
Biomedical/Neuroscience
Dysfunctional Society
Organic problems, biochemical
imbalances, genetic predispositions.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
• Disorders in which the main symptom is
excessive of unrealistic anxiety and
fearfulness
Anxiety Disorders
– Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Anxiety
disorder in which a person is continually tense
and apprehensive
– Phobic Disorders: disorder marked by persistent,
irrational fear and avoidance of feared situation or
object
• Agoraphobia
• Phobia List
Anxiety Disorders
• Panic Disorder: unpredictable episodes of
intense fear; activation of the sympathetic
nervous system
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and actions (compulsions)
Anxiety Disorders
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
haunting memories, nightmares, anxiety
and social withdrawal following a traumatic
experience
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
• Learning:
– Fear is conditioned
– Observational learning
• Biological:
– Natural Selection
– Genes
– The Brain: Anterior Cingulate Cortex
A few questions....
• Describe the impact on the mental health
community if there were not a DSM.
• Comment on the role of the community in
supporting the treatment of people with
psychological disorders.
19
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
• Disorders in which there is a break in
conscious awareness, memory or identity
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Fugue: traveling away from
familiar surroundings with amnesia for the
trip and personal info.
• Dissociative Amnesia: loss of personal
memories following a traumatic experience
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):
formally known as multiple personality
disorder; person exhibits two or more
distinct personalities
Causes of Dissociative
Disorders
• Psychoanalytic: repression of unwanted
thoughts; personality impulses
• Behavior: differing personalities are
“reinforced”
Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
• Psychological problems in which there are
symptoms of a physical disorder without a
physical cause
Somatoform Disorders
• Conversion Disorder: Disorder in which a
person loses physical functioning:
paralysis, numbness, or blindness.
– There is no physical cause/explanation.
Somatoform Disorders
• Hypochondriasis: Disorder in which a
person worries constantly about being sick;
preoccupation with every sensation in the
body.
Causes of Somatoform
Disorders
• Behavior-Cognitive:
– Comfort through reinforcement
– Release of physical symptoms allows for
escape of psychological problems
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
• Condition in which a person experiences
extreme moods, such as depression or
mania
Mood Disorders
• Major Depression: Severe depression that
comes on suddenly; lethargic, insomnia,
extreme sadness and social withdrawal
• Dysthymia: moderate depression last for
two years or more
Depression and Suicide
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National Differences
Racial Differences
Gender Differences
Age Differences
Mood Disorders
• Bipolar Disorder: severe mood swings
between major depressive and manic
episodes
Mood Disorders
• Seasonal Affective Disorder: depression
during low light (usually winter) months;
treated with light exposure therapy
Causes of Mood Disorders
• Biological: Low levels of serotonin and
norepinephrine
• Cognitive: Self-defeating thoughts and
learned helplessness
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
• Severe disorder in which the person suffers
from disordered thinking, emotions,
hallucinations, and delusions.
• Numerous types
Schizophrenia
Categories of Symptoms
• Positive: evidence of
inappropriate
emotions/actions
• Negative: lack of
appropriate
emotions/actions
Other Symptoms
• Inappropriate laughing
• Flat effect
• Disorganized speech,
thoughts, emotions
• Hallucinations vs.
Delusions
Schizophrenia
• Paranoid: person suffers from delusions or
persecution or grandeur, jealousy and
auditory/visual hallucinations
• Disorganized: person suffers from bizarre
behavior, childish thinking and speech, and
disordered motor actions
Schizophrenia
• Catatonic: person experiences periods of
extreme immobility and/or occasional
bursts of energetic and frantic movement
Causes of Schizophrenia
• Biological:
– Excess Dopamine
– Enlarged Ventricles
– Genetic Component
• Social:
– High stress environments
“I’m okay, it’s everyone else that’s weird.”
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
• Well-established, maladaptive ways of
behaving that negatively affect people’s
ability to function.
• Dominates their personality.
Personality Disorders
• Paranoid: extreme suspicion of others,
mistrustful, jealous
• Schizoid: loners; unwilling to form
relationships with others
• Antisocial: lack conscience or morality;
con-artists
• Borderline: moody, unstable, lack clear
sense of identity
Personality Disorders
• Avoidant: fearful of social relationships
• Narcissistic: extremely vain and selfish
• Histrionic: overact and use excessive
emotions to manipulate others; attention
grabbers
Personality Disorders
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Paranoid
Narcissistic
Histrionic
Antisocial