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Overview of the Day Define mental illness Models of mental illness Classifying mental illness Explain the the following disorders: anxiety, somatoform, dissociative Ask you to think about: are mental disorders really disorders? Film (multiple personality) Mental Illness Behavior that is: atypical disturbing maladaptive (harmful) not rationally justifiable Models of Mental Illness Medical Sociocultural Biosocial Evolutionary Anxiety Disorders General Anxiety Disorder Unfocused, out of control feelings, continually tense, jittery, dizziness, worried about bad things that will happen; hard to pinpoint cause* Panic attack About a minute-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is going to happen* Phobic disorders Irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation * Obsessive-compulsive disorder* Obsession with thoughts and ideas Compulsive behaviors Explaining Anxiety Disorders Unpredictable aversive events in the past* Stimulus generalization Biological predisposition (contributes to survival)* Snakes, spiders, heights Genetically transmitted Somatoform Disorders Types Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Reasons Unconscious conflict Anxiety Dissociative Disorders Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity* Types Amnesia (failure to recall events) Fugue (forgetting and fleeing from one’s home) Multiple personality (2 or more distinct personalities) Causes Emotional trauma as children Flee inward, escape traumatic memories Summary of the Day Define mental illness Models of mental illness Classifying mental illness Explain the the following disorders: anxiety, somatoform, dissociative Ask you to think about: are mental disorders really disorders? Overview of the Day Mood disorders Schizophrenia Personality disorders Prevalence of psychological disorders Labeling Evolutionary perspective Film (schizophrenia) Depression Symptoms: lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness, unable to eat, sleep, concentrate normally, lack of interest in sex and other normal pleasures in life Causes Social-cognitive: loss (relationship, exclusion from group, not achieving goals; self defeating beliefs (negative explanatory style); vicious cycle of depression Biological: genetic (predisposed), chemical changes in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin both scarce during depression) Bi-polar (Manic Depressive) Disorder Symptoms: depression alternating with wild, euphoric, hyperactive states, grandiose optimism (overspending) Many creative people tend to suffer from this disorder or a milder form of it [called cyclothymia] Causes: primarily biological (genetic, brain chemistry) Costs and benefits of treatment? Schizophrenia Umbrella term for disturbances in nearly every dimension of human psychological functioning Symptoms: disorganized thinking and language (word salad), disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions; “split” from reality. Onset occurs in young adulthood (late teens 20s), only 10-20% ever recover; over 50% never show signs of improvement; 2-3 % of people worldwide are schizophrenic Causes of Schizophrenia Genetics Brain chemistry (too much dopamine) Brain architecture (enlarged ventricles) Interaction between biology and environment: diathesis stress model people with underlying genetic predispositions will become vulnerable or develop illness under stress 3/4 of recovered patients who return to highly emotionally charged homes regress, while only 1/4 of those do who return to families low in emotionality Personality Disorder Symptoms: inflexible, enduring, and social maladaptive behavior pattern Causes biological predisposition (especially for sociopaths) interaction between biology and environment Types of Personality Disorders Histrionic (shallow, attention-getting emotionality) Narcissistic (egocentric, exaggerated self-importance, find criticism hard to accept) Borderline (unstable, identity, unstable relationships, unstable emotions) Anti-social (the most troubling of all: sociopath, psychopath): flat affect, minimal arousal under stress; lack of conscious, excessive manipulating people through cons deception, with lack of remorse or concern with consequences, lack of empathy, often abusive Alternative Perspectives Labeling theory Evolutionary perspective How to explain the persistence of “maladaptive” behaviors Actually adaptive Confers some survival/reproductive benefits Cost associated with some other benefit Cost to person who has it, but not to relatives Modern world Summary of the Day Mood disorders Schizophrenia Personality disorders Prevalence of psychological disorders Labeling Evolutionary perspective