* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Mental Illness
Survey
Document related concepts
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
History of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Major depressive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Parkinson's disease wikipedia , lookup
Mental status examination wikipedia , lookup
Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Antipsychotic wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Controversy surrounding psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Biology of depression wikipedia , lookup
Schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Sluggish schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Mental Illness Schizophrenia Features of Schizophrenia (Positive Symptoms) • Positive symptoms – Psychosis • Hallucinations – Auditory – Visual – Olfactory, somatic • Delusions – Grandeur – Persecution Features of Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms (continued) – Disorganized thought • Speech • Neologism • Word salad Features of Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms (continued) – Disorganized behavior • Poor grooming • Meals • Inappropriate clothing Features of Schizophrenia (Negative Symptoms) • Negative symptoms – Withdrawal – Flat affect (no facial expressions) – Talk little – Lack of motivation Possible associations • • • • • Blame the mother! Prenatal infection Genetics Brain structure Dopamine theory 1. Of course it’s that crappy mother’s fault! • “Refrigerator mother” • Notes 2. Viral Infection • Mom caught the flu during second trimester of pregnancy (months 4-6) • Also, people with schizophrenia more likely to be born during winter-spring mom was in second trimester during peak of flu season 3. Genetics • 1% of general population • Risk of developing schizophrenia appears to be associated with how closely you are related to a person with schizophrenia • Stress-diathesis model Figure 15.18 Family relationships and the risk of developing schizophrenia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers 4. Brain Structure Figure 15.15 MRI scans of the brains of twins discordant for schizophrenia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers 4. Brain Structure • Larger ventricles • Decreased activity in prefrontal cortex – Hypofrontality (negative symptoms) 5. Dopamine Hypothesis • Excessive dopamine activity associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia • Drugs that decrease symptoms – Dopamine antagonists • Drugs that cause schizophrenia-like experiences – Increase activity of dopamine in brain – Amphetamine and cocaine 5. Dopamine Hypothesis • One of the first medications for schizophrenia – Chlorpromazine – This is an antagonist of dopamine: prevents dopamine from binding to receptors – Tardive dyskinesia Figure 15.12 The synaptic effect of chlorpromazine Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Mood Disorders Depression Depression • • • • • • • • • For 2 weeks or more, almost every day Feelings of sadness Things are not interesting or fun anymore Changes in appetite and weight Problems with sleep Lethargic/fidgety Lack of energy Problems with thinking and concentration Thoughts of death and suicide Associated with … • • • • Life events Genetics Hormones Brain abnormalities 1. Life events • Too much bad stuff or too little good stuff? • Learned helplessness 2. Genetics • Concordance rate for monozygotic (identical) twins: 48% • Dizygotic twins: 23% • Adoption studies: account for flaws in other genetic studies 3. Hormones • Embedded in broader social context: – Post-partum depression – Pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) 4. Hypercortisolism • Cortisol – stress hormone – Secreted by the adrenal cortex • Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) – Synthetic hormone that suppresses cortisol in non-depressed people How to treat depression 1) Psychotherapy (won’t have time to discuss) 2) Medication 3) Electroconvulsive therapy 2. Medications • Tricyclics (TCA) – Prevent reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) – Prevent degradation of norepinephrine and serotonin • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Figure 15.5 The synaptic effects of three types of antidepressant drugs Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers 2. Medications – Safety • TCA – Can be dangerous for people with heart problems • MAOI – Dangerous if eat food high in tyramine (cheese, wine, pickles); causes dangerous increase in blood pressure • SSRI – Fewer and less dangerous side effects 3. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • • • • Who is it used for? How is it done? How does it work? What are the side effects? Figure 15.6 Use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat major depression Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD • Obsession – Thoughts, ideas, images • Contamination • Something bad happening • Compulsion – Repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety caused by obsession • Clean • Check • Count OCD • Time consuming • Distress, impairment • Awareness that obsessions and compulsions are excessive • Stressful trigger • Genetic component? – Runs in families • Brain injury or infection – Basal ganglia, frontal lobe, thalamus – Unable to “shut off” OCD treatments • Exposure and response prevention • SSRI • Surgery: sever connections between frontal lobe and caudate nucleus (in basal ganglia) Is there such as thing as mental illness?