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Understanding Psychology 6th Edition Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-1 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-2 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders • Mental health professionals term a psychological disorder as a condition that either seriously impairs a person's ability to function in life or creates a high level of inner distress (or sometimes both). • This view does not mean that the category "disordered” is always easy to distinguish from the category “normal.” • In fact, it may be more accurate to view abnormal behavior as merely quantitatively different from normal behavior ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders • Society: – Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order. • Individual: – One’s own sense of personal well-being determines normality. • Mental-health professional: – Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning determine normality. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-4 Approaches to Psychological Disorders • Biological model: – Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis. • Psychoanalytic model: – Disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts. • Cognitive-behavioral model: – Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-5 Approaches to Psychological Disorders • Diathesis-stress model: – People biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress. • Systems approach: – Biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce disorders. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-6 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV • A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies more than 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories. • The most widely used classification of psychological disorders. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-7 Mood Disorders • Most people have a wide emotional range, but in some people with mood disorders, this range is greatly restricted. • They seem stuck at one or the other end of the emotional spectrum, or they may alternate back and forth between periods of mania and depression. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-8 Mood Disorders • Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. – Depression – Mania – Bipolar disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-9 Depression • A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, • Lack of interest in activities, • And perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-10 Depression • The DSM-IV distinguishes between two forms of clinical depression. – Major depressive disorder is an episode of intense sadness that may last for several months. – Dysthymia involves less intense sadness but persists with little relief for a period of two years or more. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-11 Suicide • More women than men attempt suicide, but more men succeed. • Suicide rates among American adolescents and young adults have been rising, and suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents. • A common feeling associated with suicide is hopelessness, which is also typical of depression. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-12 ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-13 Mania • A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states: – – – – Extreme physical activity Excessive talkativeness Distractedness Sometimes grandiosity. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-14 Bipolar Disorder • A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-15 Causes of Mood Disorders • Most psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination of: – Biological factors – Psychological factors – Social factors ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-16 Biological Factors • Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders. • The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies. • Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have been linked to mood disorders. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-17 Psychological Factors • Cognitive distortions may lead to the development of mood disorders. • Cognitive distortions: – An illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-18 Types of Illogical Thinking • • • • Arbitrary inference Selective abstraction Overgeneralization Magnification and minimization ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-19 Social Factors • Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may lead to mood disorders. • The link between depression and troubled relationships may explain why women are more likely to suffer from depression--women tend to be more relationship-oriented than men. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-20 Anxiety Disorders • Normal fear is caused by something identifiable, and the fear subsides with time. • In the case of anxiety disorder, however, either the person doesn't know why he or she is afraid, or the anxiety is inappropriate to the circumstances. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-21 Anxiety Disorders • Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior. • Phobias • Panic disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder • Obsessive-compulsive disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-22 Types of Phobias • Specific: – Intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thing • Social: – Excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people • Agoraphobia: – Involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-23 Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks. • Panic attack: – A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-24 Generalized Anxiety Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-25 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • An anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions). ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-26 Causes of Anxiety Disorders • Prepared responses: – Responses that evolution has made us biologically predisposed to acquire through learning • Not feeling in control of one’s life • May be caused by an inherited predisposition • Internal psychological conflict ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-27 Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders • Psychosomatic disorders are illnesses that have a valid physical basis but are largely caused by psychological factors such as excessive stress and anxiety. • In contrast, somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms without any identifiable physical cause. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-28 Psychosomatic Versus Somatoform • Psychosomatic: – Disorders in which there is real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety. • Somatoform: – Disorders in which there is an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic basis. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-29 Somatoform Disorders • • • • Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Body dysmorphic disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-30 Somatization Disorder • A somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-31 Conversion Disorder • Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-32 Hypochondriasis • A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-33 Body Dysmorphic Disorder • A somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-34 Dissociative Disorders • In dissociative disorders, some part of a person's personality or memory is separated from the rest. – – – – Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder Depersonalization disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-35 Dissociative Amnesia • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause. • Dissociative amnesia may result from an intolerable experience. • Dissociative amnesia is rare. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-36 Dissociative Fugue • A dissociative disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity, with amnesia for past identity and events. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-37 Dissociative Identity Disorder • A dissociative disorder in which a person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times. • Formerly known as multiple personality disorder. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-38 Depersonalization Disorder • A dissociative disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange way. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-39 Sexual and Gender-Identity Disorders • DSM-IV recognizes three main types of sexual disorders. – Sexual dysfunctions – Paraphilias – Gender-identity disorders ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-40 Sexual Dysfunctions • A loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function. • Erectile disorder: – The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection. • Female sexual arousal disorder: – The inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-41 Sexual Dysfunctions • Sexual desire disorders: – Disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex. • Sexual arousal disorder: – Inability to achieve or sustain arousal until the end of intercourse in a person who is capable of experiencing sexual desire. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-42 Sexual Dysfunctions • Orgasmic disorders: – Inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal. • Premature ejaculation: – Inability of a man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired. • Vaginismus: – Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-43 Paraphilias • Sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal. • Fetishism: – A paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-44 Paraphilias • Voyeurism: – Desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people. • Exhibitionism: – Compulsion to expose one’s genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-45 Paraphilias • Frotteurism: – Compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in public situations. • Transvestic fetishism: – Wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-46 Paraphilias • Sexual sadism: – Obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner. • Sexual masochism: – Inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain. • Pedophilia: – Desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-47 Gender-Identity Disorders • Disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex. • Gender-identity disorder in children: – Rejection of one’s biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing and behavior society considers appropriate to that gender. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-48 Personality Disorders • Disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person and/or conflicts with others. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-49 Three Clusters of Personality Disorders • Cluster A: – Odd or eccentric behavior – Schizoid, paranoid • Cluster B: – Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior – Narcisstic, borderline, antisocial • Cluster C: – Anxious or fearful – Dependent, avoidant ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-50 Schizoid Personality Disorder • A personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others. • The classic “loner.” ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-51 Paranoid Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others. • Paranoid personality disorder is NOT the same as paranoid schizophrenia. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-52 Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-53 Borderline Personality Disorder • Personality disorder characterized by marked instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-54 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) • Personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affection for others. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-55 Possible Causes of ASPD • • • • Biological predisposition Adverse psychological experiences Unhealthy social environment Abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-56 Dependent Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone. • Appear to have an underlying fear of being abandoned or rejected. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-57 Avoidant Personality Disorder • Personality disorder in which the person’s fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation. • Avoidant personality disorder differs from schizoid personality disorder in that avoidant individuals want to have close relationships with other people. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-58 Schizophrenic Disorders • Severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. • Delusions: – False beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact. • Hallucinations: – Sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-59 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • Disorganized schizophrenia: – Bizarre and childlike behaviors are common. • Catatonic schizophrenia: – Disturbed motor activity is prominent. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-60 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • Paranoid schizophrenia: – Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions. • The presence of delusions differentiates this disorder from paranoid personality disorder. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-61 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders • Undifferentiated schizophrenia: – There are clear schizophrenic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for another subtype of the disorder. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-62 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia • • • • Genetics Excessive amounts of dopamine Enlarged ventricles in the brain Abnormal pattern of connections between cortical cells • Family relationships ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-63 Childhood Disorders • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Autistic disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-64 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder • A childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. • More common in boys than girls. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-65 Autistic Disorder • A childhood disorder characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior. • Echolalia: – A speech pattern displayed by some autistic children in which they repeat the words said to them. ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-66 Gender Differences • Gender differences tend to be found for those disorders without a strong biological component. • Marital status and incidence of psychological disorders: – divorced/separated men – married women – married men ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-67 Higher Incidence of Specific Disorders • Men – Substance abuse – Antisocial personality disorder • Women – – – – – Depression Agoraphobia Simple phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Somatization disorder ©Prentice Hall 2003 12-68